The CPU

Question 1

What is the control bus?

Answer 1

The bidirectional bus used to carry control signals between the CPU and RAM

Question 2

What is the address bus?

Answer 2

The unidirectional bus which the CPU uses to send a memory address to RAM. The RAM will then fetch the data stored at that address

Question 3

What is the data bus?

Answer 3

The bidirectional bus that carries data around the CPU and to and from the RAM

Question 4

What determines how much RAM is addressable?

Answer 4

The width of the address bus

Question 5

What is a register?

Answer 5

Fast data storage used to store data temporarily

Question 6

What is the stored program concept?

Answer 6

Programs which are currently being executed have their instructions and data stored in the RAM temporarily

Question 7

What is the system clock?

Answer 7

Every time it clicks, an instruction is executed (in a single core)

Question 8

What is the PC?

Answer 8

The program counter, which stores the address of the next instruction to be executed

Question 9

What is the MAR?

Answer 9

(Memory address register) Holds the memory address of what needs to be fetched from RAM

Question 10

What is the MBR?

Answer 10

(Memory buffer register) The memory register that temporarily stores data read from/to be written to memory

Question 11

What is the CIR?

Answer 11

(Current instruction register) Holds the current instruction

Question 12

What is the SR?

Answer 12

(Status register) Holds the bits output by the ALU’s calculation (e.g. overflow errors, carry values)

Question 13

Describe the fetch-decode-execute cycle

Answer 13

1. The memory address in the PC is copied to the MAR
2. The contents of the MAR are sent to the RAM via the address bus, which returns the instruction stored at that address via the data bus
3. The address in the PC is incremented by 1
4. The instruction returned by the RAM is stored in the MBR
5. The contents of the MBR are copied to the CIR
6. The contents of the CIR are split into opcode and operand
7. The control unit executes the instruction

Question 14

How does changing the number of cores affect performance?

Answer 14

It means the CPU can execute multiple instructions per clock tick

Question 15

[PPQ] Describe the fetch stage of the fetch-decode-execute cycle

Answer 15

1. The memory address in the PC is copied to the MAR
2. The contents of the MAR are sent to the RAM via the address bus, which returns the instruction stored at that address via the data bus
3. The address in the PC is incremented by 1
4. The instruction returned by the RAM is stored in the MBR
5. The contents of the MBR are copied to the CIR

Question 16

[PPQ] Why does the instruction have to be copied from the MBR to the CIR?

Answer 16

While the instruction is being executed, more information might need to be fetched from memory, and this data is stored in the MBR. The MBR is also not directly wired to the processor components that execute the instruction

Question 17

[PPQ] Why is the Harvard CPU architecture sometimes used instead of the von Neumann architecture?

Answer 17

Instructions and data can be accessed simultaneously, which avoids delays waiting for memory fetches. However, Harvard-based CPUs are more expensive to build

Question 18

[PPQ] What is an operand?

Answer 18

An operand is a value that will be used by an operation

Question 19

[PPQ] What does the addressing mode indicate?

Answer 19

The addressing mode indicates how the value in the operand should be interpreted

Question 20

[PPQ] What are the advantages and disadvantages of high level programming languages?

Answer 20

Advantages: Code is easier for humans to understand and maintain, developing programs is faster because one line of HL code can do more than one line of LL code, flow control structures are available (loops, if statements)

Disadvantages: Executes more slowly than LL code, LL code gives direct access to hardware and allows for direct manipulation of memory contents

Question 21

[PPQ] What are the differences between serial and parallel communication?

Answer 21

Serial sends one bit at a time while parallel sends multiple bits at the same time

Question 22

[PPQ] Why do computer peripherals only use serial communication?

Answer 22

The distance between the PC and the peripherals is too large to use parallel communication, which could result in data skew

Question 23

[PPQ] What is baud rate?

Answer 23

Number of signal changes per second

Question 24

[PPQ] Why is the final version of a program translated using a compiler?

Answer 24

So that users do not require a compiler to run it

So that the users cannot access the source code

Question 25

[PPQ] Why are JavaScript programs interpreted rather than compiled?

Answer 25

The website will be accessed by many different devices, all with different processors. A program run using an interpreter can execute on a computer with any type of processor

Question 26

[PPQ] Why is translation necessary?

Answer 26

Processor can only execute machine code instructions

Question 27

[PPQ] What are the differences between a compiler and an interpreter?

Answer 27

Compiler analyses program as a whole Interpreter analyses program on a line-by-line basis Compiler produces object code/executable file/machine code/bytecode Interpreter calls subroutines within its own code to carry out commands Compiler will not translate any of the program if it encounters an error Interpreter translates/executes program until first error is encountered Compiled code does not require the compiler to run

Question 28

De Morgan's law

Answer 28

not(A) or not(B) = not(A and B) | not(A) and not(B) = not(A or B)

Question 29

Expansion of brackets

Answer 29

(A or B) and C = (A and C) or (B and C)

Question 30

Identity "A or not(A)"

Answer 30

0

Question 31

Identity "X + 0"

Answer 31

X

Question 32

Redundancy theorem

Answer 32

X or (X and Y) = X

Question 33

[PPQ] What is imperative programming?

Answer 33

Instructions are executed in a programmer-defined order, and they describe how a computer should solve a problem, as opposed to what (declarative programming)

Question 34

What is bytecode?

Answer 34

Bytecode is computer object code that is processed by a program, usually referred to as a virtual machine, rather than by the "real" computer machine, the hardware processor.

Question 35

What are the differences between Von Neumann and Harvard architecture?

Answer 35

Von Neumann architecture: Shared memory space for instructions and data, both stored in the same format Follows linear FDE cycle, once instruction at a time, registers used for fast access Harvard: Instructions and data stored in separate memory units, with separate buses, reading/writing and fetching instructions can be done at the same time

Question 36

[PPQ] What is immediate addressing?

Answer 36

The operand is the value given

Question 37

[PPQ] What is direct addressing?

Answer 37

The number given is the address of the operand. Address to be interpreted as meaning either main memory or register.

Question 38

What is a D-type flip flop?

Answer 38

A logic circuit which can store the value of a single bit. It has two inputs, clock and data. The clock signal is generated by the computer and alternates between 0 and 1 at a set frequency. The value of the stored bit is set to the value of the data input with each change of the clock signal.