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Biology > The Defence System & Viruses (chpt. 37 & 38) > Flashcards

The Defence System & Viruses (chpt. 37 & 38) Flashcards

1
Q

Immunity

A

The ability to resist infection

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2
Q

Pathogen

A

Disease causing organism

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3
Q

How does the general defence system work?

A

Acts as a barrier to all pathogens attempting to enter the human body

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4
Q

How does the specific defence system work?

A

Attacks particular pathogens

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5
Q

Antigen

A

A foreign molecule that stimulates the production of antibodies

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6
Q

Antibody

A

A protein produced by lymphocytes (WBC) in response to a specific antigen

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7
Q

Two types of immunity

A

Natural

Induced

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8
Q

What is active immunity

A

Antibodies produced in a persons body

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9
Q

Examples of active immunity x2

A

Natural: pathogens enter body through broken skin etc.

Artificial: vaccine

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10
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

Antibodies from another organism enter person’s body

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11
Q

Passive immunity examples x2

A

Natural: e.g breastfeeding

Artificial: injections of ready-made antibodies e.g.tetanus

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12
Q

Vaccination

A

Administration of a non-disease causing dose of the pathogen

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13
Q

Purpose of vaccination?

A

Stimulates antibodies and active immunity

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14
Q

How can you view viruses?

A

Using an electron microscope

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15
Q

Describe the structure of a virus

A

Nuclei acid (DNA or RNA), surrounded by a protein coat, capsid

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16
Q

Why are viruses described as obligate parasites?

A

Use host ribosomes, mitochondria etc. to make copies for replication so are always ‘obliged’ to be parasites

17
Q

How are viruses classified?

A

By their shapes

18
Q

Rod-shaped / helical virus

A

Spiral

Eg. tobacco mosaic virus

19
Q

Round / polyhedral virus

A

Many faces

Eg. Polio, herpes

20
Q

Complex virus

A

Combination of helical and polyhedral

Eg. HIV, rabies

21
Q

Steps in viral replication

A
  1. Attachment - attaches to receptor sites on host cell
  2. Entry - nucleic acid is squeezedout of protein coat and into host
  3. Synthesis - host nucleic acid is made inactive, new viral nucleic acid and protein coats are produced
  4. Assembly - new viruses assembled inside host
  5. Release - released by lysis (burst out)
22
Q

Disadvantages of viruses

A

Human diseases → mumps, warts, chicken pox

Animal diseases → foot & mouth, rabies

23
Q

Advantages of viruses

A

Genetic engineering → transfer of genes using viruses e.g - vectors

24
Q

Bacteriophage

A

A virus that infects bacteria

Example of a positive virus

Biology (34 decks)

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