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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > The Digestive System > Flashcards

The Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

the breakdown of complex food materials into simpler forms that can be used by the body

A

digestion

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2
Q

extends from the mouth to the anus and is about 30 ft long, does the actual digesting (breakdown and absorption)

A

alimentary canal

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3
Q

help the digestive process. includes teeth, tongue, salivary glands, gall bladder, and liver

A

accessory organs

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4
Q

the 6 digestive processes

A

ingestion, propulsion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, defecation

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5
Q

when food enters the mouth

A

ingestion

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6
Q

moving food through the system

A

propulsion

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7
Q

chewing & mixing food by teeth and tongue

A

mechanical digestion

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8
Q

chemical breakdown of food so it can be absorbed by the epithelium

A

chemical digestion

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9
Q

transport of food particles from gut to blood or lymph

A

absorption

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10
Q

elimination of indigestible substance (fecal matter) from the body

A

defecation

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11
Q

4 layers of the alimentary tract

A

serosa, muscularis, submucosa, mucosa

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12
Q

outer membranous covering of digestive tract, lubricated by serous, continuous with mesentery

A

serosa

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13
Q

layer of smooth muscle composed of outer longitudinal fibers and inner circular fibers. accounts for movement of food

A

muscularis

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14
Q

loose connective tissue richly supplied with blood and lymphatic vessels (and sometimes glands)

A

submucosa

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15
Q

secretes mucus that lubricates inner lining of tract

A

mucosa

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16
Q

3 layers within the mucosa

A

muscularis mucosa (lies next to submucosa), lamina propria (middle layer), and epithelium (in small intestine, folded to form villi)

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17
Q

name the teeth (with quantities and function)

A

12 molars; flattened, made for crushing
8 premolars; fairly flat, made for grinding
4 canines; pointed, made for tearing
8 incisors; chisel shaped, made for biting

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18
Q

last molars, may fail to erupts and need to be extracted

A

wisdom teeth

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19
Q

tooth structure

A

enamel (outer layer made of calcium)
dentin (thick bone-like middle layer)
pulp (inner part, nerves and blood vessels)

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20
Q

occurs when bacterial acid corrodes teeth

A

tooth decay (AKA caries)

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21
Q

inflamed gums

A

gingivitis

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22
Q

loss of bone and loosening of teeth

A

periodontitis

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23
Q

anterior roof of mouth made up of palatine bones and processes of maxillae

A

hard palate

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24
Q

posterior roof of mouth made of muscle

A

soft palate

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25
Q

ending of soft palate in a suspended process

A

uvula

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26
Q

3 pairs of salivary glands which secrete saliva into mouth through ducts

A

parotid glands (side of face)
sublingual glands (under tongue)
submandibular glands (under lower jaw)

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27
Q

saliva contains:

A

water, mucus, and salivary amylase

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28
Q

digestive enzyme which breaks down starch

A

salivary amylase

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29
Q

inside the mouth made of muscle with an outer layer of mucus

A

the tongue

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30
Q

on the surface of tongue, can be either sensitive to the touch or taste buds

A

papillae

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31
Q

the tongue forms food into a _____ and pushes it back to the ________.

A

bolus, pharynx

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32
Q

the four different flavors your tongue can taste

A

bitter (back of tongue)
sour (posterior sides)
salty (tip)
sweet (directly behind tip)

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33
Q

region between the mouth and esophagus

A

pharynx

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34
Q

flap of tissue that closes off the trachea so food doesn’t enter

A

epiglottis

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35
Q

tube through which the bolus passes from pharynx to stomach

A

esophagus

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36
Q

rhythmic contraction that pushes the food along

A

peristalsis

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37
Q

when muscle tissue of diaphragm has weak area and part of stomach pushes into thoracic cavity (could cause gastric juice to back flow into esophagus)

A

hiatal hernia

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38
Q

ring of muscle where esophagus passes through diaphragm into stomach

A

gastroesophageal sphincter

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39
Q

reverse peristalsis results in

A

vomiting

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40
Q

thick walled j shaped organ just below the diaphragm

A

the stomach

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41
Q

the stomach can hold ____ gallon of food and liquid

A

1/2 (2 Liters)

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42
Q

regions of the stomach

A

cardiac region: adjacent to where esophagus enters
fundus: extends superiorly from cardiac region
body: main part
pylorus: narrow portion near the small intestine

43
Q

separated stomach from the small intestine

A

pyloric sphincter

44
Q

internal lining of stomach (in the mucosa) has deep folds called

A

rugae

45
Q

inner mucus membrane of the stomach consist of a single layer of columnar epithelium cells interrupted by

A

millions of gastric pits which open into the gastric glands

46
Q

stomach cells that produce mucus

A

mucous neck cells

47
Q

stomach cell that produces pepsinogen

A

chief cells

48
Q

stomach cells that produce hydrochloric acid

A

parietal cells

49
Q

stomach cell that produces gastrin

A

enteroendocrine cells

50
Q

pH of gastric acid

A

2

51
Q

hydrochloric acid mixes with pepsinogen to become

A

pepsin

52
Q

pepsin is a digestive enzyme which

A

breaks down protein molecules into peptides

53
Q

how many feet long is the small intestine and what’s its diameter

A

20ft long, 1 inch diameter

54
Q

three regions of small intestine in order

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

55
Q

in the duodenum, _____ is mixed with secretions from ______ and _______.

A

chyme,
liver,
pancreas

56
Q

the liver produces _______

A

bile (a yellowish green fluid)

57
Q

where is bile stored

A

gallbladder

58
Q

vent through which bile goes from liver to duodenum

A

bile duct

59
Q

bile contains ______, which break down fats and oils into tiny droplets in a process called ______.

A

bile salts, emulsification

60
Q

pancreatic juice enters the duodenum by way of the _______ (endo or exo?)

A

pancreatic duct, exocrine portion of gland

61
Q

pancreatic juice has a pH of

A

8.5 (neutralizes the acidic chyme)

62
Q

enzyme that breaks down starch into maltose (from pancreatic juice)

A

pancreatic amylase

63
Q

enzyme that breaks down proteins into peptides (in pancreatic juice)

A

trypsin

64
Q

enzyme that breaks down fat droplets after they’ve been emulsified by bile salts into glycerol and fatty acids

A

lipase

65
Q

walls of the small intestine contain intestinal glands that secrete

A

peptidase and maltase

66
Q

peptidase breaks down….

A

peptides into amino acids

67
Q

maltase breaks down….

A

maltose (disaccharide) into glucose (monosaccharide)

68
Q

blood capillaries and lymph vessels within the villi of intestinal wall are called

A

lacteals

69
Q

most nutrients diffuse into the capillaries, then into bloodstream, but blood capillaries are relatively impermeable to ______, so they enter the _____.

A

fat globules, lymph capillaries

70
Q

ileum contains _____ in the ________

A

Peyer’s Patches, submucosa

71
Q

the small intestine ends at the

A

ileocecal valve

72
Q

the large intestine is composed of the

A

cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal

73
Q

the _______ lies below the entrance of the small intestine and has a small projection attached to it called the _______

A

cecum, vermiform appendix

74
Q

the appendix contains _____ and plays a role in ______

A

lymphatic tissues, immunity

75
Q

4 regions of the colon

A
  1. ascending,
    2.transverse,
    3.descending,
  2. sigmoid
76
Q

the _______ ends in the ______ which opens at the anus.

A

rectum, anal canal

77
Q

no ______ are produced in the large intestine

A

enzymes

78
Q

the principal function of the large intestine is

A

reabsorption of water

79
Q

function of Escherichia coli

A

break down undigested material further, giving off vitamin K and B

80
Q

bacteria accounts for ____ of the weight of dry feces

A

1/3 (most of feces is cellulose)

81
Q

blood vessels of the many villi merge to form the

A

hepatic portal vein, which carrie’s blood to the liver

82
Q

the right and left lobes of the liver are separated by the

A

falciform ligament

83
Q

six functions of the liver

A
  1. destroy old red blood cells and convert hemoglobin to bilirubin and biliverdin
  2. produces bile (stored in gallbladder)
  3. stores glycogen to maintain glucose concentration of blood between meals
  4. produces urea from breakdown of amino acids
  5. produces blood proteins
  6. detoxifies blood
84
Q

jaundice is caused by an excess of

A

bilirubin or from hepatitis A from food or B from bodily fluids/blood

85
Q

gallstones are made up of cholesterol and sometimes calcium,

A

clog up bile duct or clog up gallbladder so bile can’t pass through

86
Q

acini are

A

small clusters of cells produced by digestive enzymes of the pancreas

87
Q

the pancreatic duct joins the _____ and the two enter the _____

A

common bile duct, duodenum

88
Q

which vitamin is mainly formed by E. coli

A

K

89
Q

which structure does the appendix come off of

A

ascending colon

90
Q

where are lacteals located

A

small intestine

91
Q

outer layer of the instestines

A

serosa

92
Q

which of these does not directly promote hydrolysis of food

A

submucosa

93
Q

what does the pancreatic duct directly join to

A

duodenum

94
Q

what normally holds the intestines in position in the abdominal cavity

A

mesentery

95
Q

where would the least amount of bacteria be found

A

the stomach

96
Q

where are the palatine tonsils located

A

pharynx

97
Q

which gland is closest to the joint between the mandible and temporal bone?

A

parotid

98
Q

where does the greatest amount of digestion occur

A

small intestine

99
Q

primary function of the large intestine

A

compact, store, and eliminate feces

100
Q

what hormone does the small intestine release in response to acidic chyme

A

secretin

101
Q

the pancreas secretes exhumes that enter the small intestine and chemically digest chyme. which enzyme breaks down fats?

A

pancreatic lipase

102
Q

during which phase of gastric secretion do gastric glands actually begin secreting gastric juice

A

cephalic phase

103
Q

intrinsic factor is secreted by which of the gastric glands?

A

parietal cells

104
Q

what initiates the swallowing reflex?

A

sensory receptors detecting the bolus in the pharynx

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (3 decks)

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