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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > The Digestive System > Flashcards

The Digestive System Flashcards

(104 cards)

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1
Q

the breakdown of complex food materials into simpler forms that can be used by the body

A

digestion

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2
Q

extends from the mouth to the anus and is about 30 ft long, does the actual digesting (breakdown and absorption)

A

alimentary canal

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3
Q

help the digestive process. includes teeth, tongue, salivary glands, gall bladder, and liver

A

accessory organs

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4
Q

the 6 digestive processes

A

ingestion, propulsion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, defecation

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5
Q

when food enters the mouth

A

ingestion

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6
Q

moving food through the system

A

propulsion

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7
Q

chewing & mixing food by teeth and tongue

A

mechanical digestion

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8
Q

chemical breakdown of food so it can be absorbed by the epithelium

A

chemical digestion

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9
Q

transport of food particles from gut to blood or lymph

A

absorption

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10
Q

elimination of indigestible substance (fecal matter) from the body

A

defecation

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11
Q

4 layers of the alimentary tract

A

serosa, muscularis, submucosa, mucosa

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12
Q

outer membranous covering of digestive tract, lubricated by serous, continuous with mesentery

A

serosa

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13
Q

layer of smooth muscle composed of outer longitudinal fibers and inner circular fibers. accounts for movement of food

A

muscularis

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14
Q

loose connective tissue richly supplied with blood and lymphatic vessels (and sometimes glands)

A

submucosa

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15
Q

secretes mucus that lubricates inner lining of tract

A

mucosa

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16
Q

3 layers within the mucosa

A

muscularis mucosa (lies next to submucosa), lamina propria (middle layer), and epithelium (in small intestine, folded to form villi)

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17
Q

name the teeth (with quantities and function)

A

12 molars; flattened, made for crushing
8 premolars; fairly flat, made for grinding
4 canines; pointed, made for tearing
8 incisors; chisel shaped, made for biting

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18
Q

last molars, may fail to erupts and need to be extracted

A

wisdom teeth

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19
Q

tooth structure

A

enamel (outer layer made of calcium)
dentin (thick bone-like middle layer)
pulp (inner part, nerves and blood vessels)

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20
Q

occurs when bacterial acid corrodes teeth

A

tooth decay (AKA caries)

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21
Q

inflamed gums

A

gingivitis

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22
Q

loss of bone and loosening of teeth

A

periodontitis

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23
Q

anterior roof of mouth made up of palatine bones and processes of maxillae

A

hard palate

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24
Q

posterior roof of mouth made of muscle

A

soft palate

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25
ending of soft palate in a suspended process
uvula
26
3 pairs of salivary glands which secrete saliva into mouth through ducts
parotid glands (side of face) sublingual glands (under tongue) submandibular glands (under lower jaw)
27
saliva contains:
water, mucus, and salivary amylase
28
digestive enzyme which breaks down starch
salivary amylase
29
inside the mouth made of muscle with an outer layer of mucus
the tongue
30
on the surface of tongue, can be either sensitive to the touch or taste buds
papillae
31
the tongue forms food into a _____ and pushes it back to the ________.
bolus, pharynx
32
the four different flavors your tongue can taste
bitter (back of tongue) sour (posterior sides) salty (tip) sweet (directly behind tip)
33
region between the mouth and esophagus
pharynx
34
flap of tissue that closes off the trachea so food doesn't enter
epiglottis
35
tube through which the bolus passes from pharynx to stomach
esophagus
36
rhythmic contraction that pushes the food along
peristalsis
37
when muscle tissue of diaphragm has weak area and part of stomach pushes into thoracic cavity (could cause gastric juice to back flow into esophagus)
hiatal hernia
38
ring of muscle where esophagus passes through diaphragm into stomach
gastroesophageal sphincter
39
reverse peristalsis results in
vomiting
40
thick walled j shaped organ just below the diaphragm
the stomach
41
the stomach can hold ____ gallon of food and liquid
1/2 (2 Liters)
42
regions of the stomach
cardiac region: adjacent to where esophagus enters fundus: extends superiorly from cardiac region body: main part pylorus: narrow portion near the small intestine
43
separated stomach from the small intestine
pyloric sphincter
44
internal lining of stomach (in the mucosa) has deep folds called
rugae
45
inner mucus membrane of the stomach consist of a single layer of columnar epithelium cells interrupted by
millions of gastric pits which open into the gastric glands
46
stomach cells that produce mucus
mucous neck cells
47
stomach cell that produces pepsinogen
chief cells
48
stomach cells that produce hydrochloric acid
parietal cells
49
stomach cell that produces gastrin
enteroendocrine cells
50
pH of gastric acid
2
51
hydrochloric acid mixes with pepsinogen to become
pepsin
52
pepsin is a digestive enzyme which
breaks down protein molecules into peptides
53
how many feet long is the small intestine and what's its diameter
20ft long, 1 inch diameter
54
three regions of small intestine in order
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
55
in the duodenum, _____ is mixed with secretions from ______ and _______.
chyme, liver, pancreas
56
the liver produces _______
bile (a yellowish green fluid)
57
where is bile stored
gallbladder
58
vent through which bile goes from liver to duodenum
bile duct
59
bile contains ______, which break down fats and oils into tiny droplets in a process called ______.
bile salts, emulsification
60
pancreatic juice enters the duodenum by way of the _______ (endo or exo?)
pancreatic duct, exocrine portion of gland
61
pancreatic juice has a pH of
8.5 (neutralizes the acidic chyme)
62
enzyme that breaks down starch into maltose (from pancreatic juice)
pancreatic amylase
63
enzyme that breaks down proteins into peptides (in pancreatic juice)
trypsin
64
enzyme that breaks down fat droplets after they've been emulsified by bile salts into glycerol and fatty acids
lipase
65
walls of the small intestine contain intestinal glands that secrete
peptidase and maltase
66
peptidase breaks down....
peptides into amino acids
67
maltase breaks down....
maltose (disaccharide) into glucose (monosaccharide)
68
blood capillaries and lymph vessels within the villi of intestinal wall are called
lacteals
69
most nutrients diffuse into the capillaries, then into bloodstream, but blood capillaries are relatively impermeable to ______, so they enter the _____.
fat globules, lymph capillaries
70
ileum contains _____ in the ________
Peyer's Patches, submucosa
71
the small intestine ends at the
ileocecal valve
72
the large intestine is composed of the
cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal
73
the _______ lies below the entrance of the small intestine and has a small projection attached to it called the _______
cecum, vermiform appendix
74
the appendix contains _____ and plays a role in ______
lymphatic tissues, immunity
75
4 regions of the colon
1. ascending, 2.transverse, 3.descending, 4. sigmoid
76
the _______ ends in the ______ which opens at the anus.
rectum, anal canal
77
no ______ are produced in the large intestine
enzymes
78
the principal function of the large intestine is
reabsorption of water
79
function of Escherichia coli
break down undigested material further, giving off vitamin K and B
80
bacteria accounts for ____ of the weight of dry feces
1/3 (most of feces is cellulose)
81
blood vessels of the many villi merge to form the
hepatic portal vein, which carrie's blood to the liver
82
the right and left lobes of the liver are separated by the
falciform ligament
83
six functions of the liver
1. destroy old red blood cells and convert hemoglobin to bilirubin and biliverdin 2. produces bile (stored in gallbladder) 3. stores glycogen to maintain glucose concentration of blood between meals 4. produces urea from breakdown of amino acids 5. produces blood proteins 6. detoxifies blood
84
jaundice is caused by an excess of
bilirubin or from hepatitis A from food or B from bodily fluids/blood
85
gallstones are made up of cholesterol and sometimes calcium,
clog up bile duct or clog up gallbladder so bile can't pass through
86
acini are
small clusters of cells produced by digestive enzymes of the pancreas
87
the pancreatic duct joins the _____ and the two enter the _____
common bile duct, duodenum
88
which vitamin is mainly formed by E. coli
K
89
which structure does the appendix come off of
ascending colon
90
where are lacteals located
small intestine
91
outer layer of the instestines
serosa
92
which of these does not directly promote hydrolysis of food
submucosa
93
what does the pancreatic duct directly join to
duodenum
94
what normally holds the intestines in position in the abdominal cavity
mesentery
95
where would the least amount of bacteria be found
the stomach
96
where are the palatine tonsils located
pharynx
97
which gland is closest to the joint between the mandible and temporal bone?
parotid
98
where does the greatest amount of digestion occur
small intestine
99
primary function of the large intestine
compact, store, and eliminate feces
100
what hormone does the small intestine release in response to acidic chyme
secretin
101
the pancreas secretes exhumes that enter the small intestine and chemically digest chyme. which enzyme breaks down fats?
pancreatic lipase
102
during which phase of gastric secretion do gastric glands actually begin secreting gastric juice
cephalic phase
103
intrinsic factor is secreted by which of the gastric glands?
parietal cells
104
what initiates the swallowing reflex?
sensory receptors detecting the bolus in the pharynx

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (3 decks)

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