The Urinary System

Question 1

urinary system consists of

Answer 1

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Question 2

retroperitoneal

Answer 2

location of kidneys, which is against depression against deep muscles of the back behind parietal peritoneum

Question 3

kidneys are covered by a

Answer 3

fibrous connective tissue called the renal capsule

Question 4

around the renal capsule is a layer of fat, ______ and an outer fibrous membrane anchors the kidney to muscles of body wall ____

Answer 4

the adipose capsule (protective), renal fascia

Question 5

notch-like depression on surface of kidney

Answer 5

hilum - where blood and lymph vessels enter and leave the kidney where the ureter attaches to the kidney

Question 6

3 parts of kidney and their functions

Answer 6

1. cortex (granular) blood is filtered
2. medulla (striated) collecting ducts, contains renal pyramids
3. pelvis (cavity-like) where urine collects before entering ureter

Question 7

the ____ is the functional unit of the kidney

Answer 7

nephron

Question 8

Bowman’s Capsule is a cup shaped structure of a nephron that has a _______ at the center

Answer 8

mass of capillaries called a glomerulus

Question 9

Blood enters the glomerulus via the ___ and leaves through the ______.

Answer 9

afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole

Question 10

two layers of cells in glomerulus

Answer 10

inner layer of epithelial cells called podocytes, outer layer of squamous epithelium

Question 11

part of tubule closest to Bowman’s capsule

Answer 11

proximal convoluted tubule (contains microvilli)

Question 12

next part of nephron after prox. conv. tubule

Answer 12

Loop of Henle

Question 13

after loop of Henle, there is the

Answer 13

distal convoluted tubule which empties in a collecting duct that receives liquid waste from nephrons

Question 14

The granular appearance of the cortex is due to

Answer 14

Bowman’s capsules and convoluted tubules

Question 15

The renal pyramids of the medulla look

Answer 15

striated bc of Loops of Henle and collected ducts

Question 16

each nephron has a specialized structure called _______ which helps to _____.

Answer 16

juxtaglomerular apparatus, regular blood pressure and the rate of filtrate information

Question 17

the juxtaglomerular apparatus consists of juxtaglomerular cells in the

Answer 17

wall of the afferent arteriole near where it enters the glomerulus and large cells called macula densa in the distal convoluted tube

Question 18

blood enters each kidney through the

Answer 18

renal artery

Question 19

the renal artery branches into

Answer 19

interlobar arteries

Question 20

when interlobar arteries reach boundary between medulla and cortex they branch into

Answer 20

arcuate arteries which extend into the cortex

Question 21

the outermost covering of the kidney is the

Answer 21

capsule

Question 22

the kidneys are located in the _____ space

Answer 22

retroperitoneal

Question 23

the entrance to the kidney is called the

Answer 23

hilum

Question 24

which structure is the first to collect the urine?

Answer 24

calyx

Question 25

each minor calyx receives urine from the

Answer 25

renal papillae

Question 26

the renal pyramids are located within the

Answer 26

medulla

Question 27

the striated appearances of the pyramids is caused by

Answer 27

microtubules

Question 28

what is the basic functional unit of the kidney

Answer 28

Nephron

Question 29

The kidney secretes _______ for the purpose of stimulating bone marrow activity

Answer 29

Erythropoietin

Question 30

The kidneys secretes _____ which is an enzyme – hormone which raises blood pressure

Answer 30

Renin

Question 31

what is the function of the renal system?

Answer 31

Maintain blood, pH, regulate blood pressure, control blood concentration

Question 32

How much cardiac output passes through the kidneys

Answer 32

25%

Question 33

which blood vessel delivers blood to the cortex

Answer 33

interlobular artery

Question 34

The renal corpuscle is comprised of a

Answer 34

glomerulus and Bowman's capsule

Question 35

which section of the nephron follows the ascending limb of the loop of Henle

Answer 35

distal convoluted tubule

Question 36

the last part of the nephron is the

Answer 36

collecting duct

Question 37

which area actually secretes renin into the blood

Answer 37

juxtaglomerular cells

Question 38

which blood vessels conveys blood out of the NEPHRON

Answer 38

interlobular vein

Question 39

which blood vessels surround the loops of Henle

Answer 39

vasa recta

Question 40

which process is most affected by blood pressure

Answer 40

glomerular filtration

Question 41

which of the following are not found in the glomerular filtrate

Answer 41

protein

Question 42

which muscle metabolism waste product is eliminated by the kidneys

Answer 42

creatinine

Question 43

which of these has the highest concentration in the urine

Answer 43

sodium

Question 44

which ion is reabsorbed in exchange for sodium

Answer 44

potassium

Question 45

what is the average glomerular filtration rate

Answer 45

180L per day

Question 46

which of the following is usually not found in urine

Answer 46

magnesium

Question 47

how much urine is formed in 24 hours

Answer 47

1.5 L

Question 48

renin acts on _______ to convert it to angiotensin I

Answer 48

angiotensinogen

Question 49

the targets of angiotensin II are blood vessels and

Answer 49

adrenal cortex

Question 50

tubular reabsorption occurs from the nephron tubules into the

Answer 50

peritubular capillaries

Question 51

most tubular reabsorption occurs at the

Answer 51

proximal convoluted tubule

Question 52

where are most microvilli found

Answer 52

proximal convoluted tubule

Question 53

renin acts on plasma protein called angiotensinogen, which releases _____ which is converted by another enzyme to ______ which stimulates the _______ to release aldosterone to increase blood pressure

Answer 53

angiotensin 1, angiotensin 2, adrenal cortex

Question 54

which of the following occurred by active transport

Answer 54

reabsorption of amino acids

Question 55

which of these does not operate under a renal threshold mechanism?

Answer 55

sodium

Question 56

the action of aldosterone

Answer 56

is to increase sodium reabsorption

Question 57

how much sodium is actively reabsorbed by the proximal segment of the nephron

Answer 57

70%

Question 58

the countercurrent multiplier mechanism occurs at the

Answer 58

loop of Henle

Question 59

the fluid in the descending limb of the loop of Henle is _____ relative to the capillaries

Answer 59

hypertonic

Question 60

what affect does ADH have on urine output

Answer 60

decreases

Question 61

where does ADH have its greatest effect

Answer 61

distal convoluted tubule

Question 62

the mixture took reflex is centered in the

Answer 62

sacral cord

Question 63

renal calculi are usually NOT comprised of

Answer 63

cholesterol

Question 64

vigorous exercise could release high amounts of ______ into the urine

Answer 64

albumin

Question 65

the compound used to assess the function of the kidney at the level of the glomerulus is _____

Answer 65

inulin

Question 66

which of these is NOT usually secreted by the kidneys

Answer 66

creatine

Question 67

renal secretion of a compound usually occurs from the _____ into the distal convoluted tubule

Answer 67

peritubular capillaries

Question 68

i ric acid results from ______ metabolism

Answer 68

purine

Question 69

Where does ADH have its greatest effect?

Answer 69

distal convoluted tubules

Question 70

ADH causes distal convoluted tubule and surrounding capillaries to ______

Answer 70

increase their permeability to water to be reabsorbed

Question 71

the function of the countercurrent multiplier is to

Answer 71

increase concentration of NaCl

Question 72

Which of the following is usually not found in urine

Answer 72

glucose

Question 73

the three layers of the ureters

Answer 73

1. inner mucous membrane of transitional epithelium 2. middle muscular layer 3. outer fibrous layer

Question 74

urine enters the bladder by

Answer 74

peristaltic contractions

Question 75

transitional epithelium cells of the BLADDER are _____ when the bladder is stretched and filled with urine, and ______ when the urine is empty

Answer 75

flattened, rounded up