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The Digestive System Flashcards

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0
Q

What are the DS accessory Organs?

A

Gall bladder, liver, pancreas, salivary glands, teeth, tongue

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1
Q

What is the Alimentary Canal?

A

GI tract, gut

mouth -> Pharynx -> Esophogus -> Stomach -> Small Intestine -> Large Intestine

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2
Q

Five Essential Activities of Digestion?

A

Ingestion
Propulsion and Mixing - perstalisis and segmentation
Digestion - chem/phys breakdown of polymers
Absorption - movement of momoners into blood
Elimination - defecation

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3
Q

What do Mechanoreceptors do?

A

respond to stretch

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4
Q

What do chemorecptors do?

A

Respond to changes in osmolarity, pH, and chemical composition

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5
Q

What do the Receptors in the DS initiate receptors to do?

A

stimulate smooth muscle mixing/moving lumens contents

activate digestive glands

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6
Q

What is the extrinsic control of the DS?
Neural
Hormonal

A

The outside factors
Neural - long reflexes responding to stimuli in/out of GI tract involving CNS
Hormonal - endocrine glans secrete hormones that can affect DS

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7
Q

What are intrinsic controls of the DS?
Neural
Hormonal?

A

Neural - Short Relfexes from one part of DS to other, enteric nerve plexuses initiate short reflexes in response to stimuli in GI tract

Hormonal - GI tract releases enteric hormones from enteroendocrine glands in stomach and Small intestine stimulating target cells in any DS organ

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8
Q

Peritonuem?

A

Serous membranes of abdominal cavity
Visceral - covers orgs
parietal - covers wall

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9
Q

What are extensions of the peritoneal Membranes?

A

Mesenteries

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10
Q

What do mesenteries function for?

A

anchoring body orgs to walls,
storing fat,
carrying blood/ lymph vessels, and nerve fibers

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11
Q

Intraperitoneal?

A

inside cavity, most DS orgs

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12
Q

Retroperitoneal?

A

Organs that lie posterior to peritoneum, in body wall
duodenum, pancreas, colon

Ant Surface = visceral peritoneum
Post Surface = aventita

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13
Q

What are the DS blood Supply?

A

Hepatic Portal System

Splanchnic Circulation

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14
Q

Where does the Splanchnic Circulation carry blood through?

What does it provide DT with?

A

Hepatic, splenic, left gastric, mesenteric arteries

carries O2 and nutrients to DT

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15
Q

Where does the Hepatic Portal System bring blood from and to for what?

A

blood from DT –> liver for nutrient processing

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16
Q

What are the four layers of the walls of the DT?

A

Serosa
Muscularis Externa
Submucosa
Mucosa

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17
Q

What Layer is the Serosa of the DT?
What kind of tissue is it made of?
What is it joined to?
what does it produce?

A

Outer covering, visceral peritoneum
Areolar CT and Squamous Epithelium
Mesenteries (anchors orgs.)
Serous fluid:friction free surface

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18
Q

What is the Adventitia?

A

Surrounds esophogus/body wall side of retroperitoneal organs

retroperitoneal orgs have both adventitia and serosa and it anchors orgs to surrounding tissues

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19
Q

What layer is the Muscularis Externa?
What kind of muscles does it contain?
What is it responsible for?
What does it contain?

A

2, has smooth muscle
inner(circular), outer(longitudinal)
Transportation, peristalisis, mixing, segmentation
myenteric nerve plexus

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20
Q

What layer are Sphincters found in of the DT wall?

A

Muscularis Externa
keep one way flow
circular muscle

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21
Q

What in the layer 2nd from the inside of the DT wall?
What kind of CT is it?
What does it supply to the Mucosa?
What kind of nerve plexus does it have?

A

Submucosa 2 inner
Elastic
Blood, lymph vessel and nerves
Submucosa Nerve Plexus

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22
Q

What is the innermost layer of The DT wall called?
What does it carry out?
What are its three sublayers?

A 
Mucosa
digestion and absorbtion
lining epithilium
lamina propria 
muscularis mucosae
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23
Q

What the the 3 Sublayers of The Mucosa and what are their functions?

A

Lining Ep: stratified squamous -> simple columnar with mucous , enzyme and hormone secreting cells
Lamina Propria - loose areolar CT with cap and lymph nodules to fight infection
muscularis mucosae - thin layer smooth muscle cells causing local movements of mucosa, pills mucosa into folds

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24
What is the Enteric NS?
Intrisnic NS in DT which regulates by Short Reflexes
25
What are the two types of nerve plexuses in the Enteric NS? Where are they found? what do they do?
Submucosal Nerve Plexus: regulates gland and smooth muscle in muscoa Myenteric: Muscularis Externa - GI tract motility
26
How is the Enteric NS linked to the CNS?
Long reflexes of autonomic branch, sympathetic(inhibit and parasympathetic fibers(stimulate)
27
What are the functions of the mouth?
ingestion, mastication, beginning of chem digestion
28
What is the mouth lined with, for protection of what?
mucosa is lined with stratified squamous | against abrasion by releasing defensins when damaages
29
What do the lips do?
assist in movement, help keep food between teeth
30
What does the hard palate do?
assists in forming bolus
31
Soft Palates function in mouth ingestion?
uvular blocks nasopharynx in swallowing
32
What is the tongues function?
moves and mixes food with saliva to form bolus | initiates swallowing, speech and tasting
33
What are the four tyoes if papillae on tongue?
Filiform Papillae: smallest, not for taste Fungiform: Redish, all over, tastebuds Circumvallate - v shaped row in back, tastebuds Foliate - lateral aspects of posterior tongue, tastebuds
34
What are the salivary glands intrinsic Glands function?
small& scattered in mucosa, continuously provided
35
``` What do the extrinsic glands do in salivary glands? What are the three names? Where are they all found what kind of cells do they contian what are the contents of these cells? ```
Large, empty saliva through ducts into mouth parotids(front of ear) - only serous cells Submandibular/sublungual - under tongue,c ontain serous and mucous cells serous cells: water fluid with enzymes mucous cells - thick stick mucus for lube
36
What is the composition of saliva?
``` ph= 6.75-7 mostly h20 ions salivary amylase small amounts of metabolic waste mucin defensins ```
37
What are the functions of saliva?
``` Cleans mouth dissolves waste chemicals moistens/compacts foods to form bolus salivary amylase begins chem digestion Releases antibodies - IgA, lysozyme(inhibits growth) cyanide compound(poison), defensins (antibiotic and attracts WBC ```
38
How are Salivary glands controlled through extrinsic Glands?
parasympathetic fibers of ANS, reflex response thought, smell, taste, brain, long reflex, salivary glands, increased secretion
39
How does intrinsic salivary glands function>?
produce small amounts all the time to keep mouth moist , inhibited during stress by sympathetic NS
40
What is the largest organ in the body?
Liver
41
What region is the liver located?
r. hypochondriac and epigastric
42
How many lobes is the liver separated into?
4
43
What ligaments support the liver?
Falciform/lesser omentum
44
What does the falciform do?
suspends liver to diaphragm
45
What does the lesser omentum do?
Suspend liver to stomach
46
What is the blood supply to the liver?
Hepatic art/ hepatic portal vein
47
What drains the blood supply of the liver?
hepatic vein
48
What is pw of bile drainage?
common hepatic dict and cystic duct join to form bile duct draining into hepatopancreatic sphincter and ampulla
49
What microscopic anatomy does the liver contain?
Lobule, sinusoid, hepatocytes, portal triads
50
Where are portal triads located and what do they contain?
Periphery of lobules, arteriole - o2 rich from hepatic art venule - nutrients from hepatic portal vein bile duct - bile from canaliculi
51
What are characteristics of sinusoids? where do they filter blood from and to? what do they contain?
Leaky capillaries Hepatic portal vein and artery into central vein kupffer cells - remove debris etc from blood.
52
Where are hepatocytes found?
surrounding sinusoids
53
What are hepatocytes function?
produce bile from old rbc process nutrients from digestive dract store fat soluble vitamins detoxify blood
54
What are examples of hepatocytes processing DT nutrients?
converting excess glucose into glycogen and store plasma proteins from amino acids non essential amino acids packages fatty acids
55
How do hepatocytes detoxify blood?
nitrogenous wastes --> to more inert urea destroys toxic substances inactivates hormones
56
What does bile contain?
Hco3 Bile salts/pigments cholestrol assists faat and cholestrol absorbtion
57
What does Hco3 in the bile do?
neutralizes acidic chyme
58
what do bile salts do?
emulsify fat
59
What are bile pigments?
b/d product of Hb
60
What does emulsifying fats fdo?
increases SA for pancreatic lipase
61
What does enterohepatic circulation do?
recycles bile salts?
62
What are the functions of the gall bladder?
stores and concentrates bile by absorbing h20 and ions
63
What allows walls of GB to expand as fills with bile?
Rugae
64
What causes smooth muscles in walls of GB to contract?
CCK
65
What happens to the GB when fatty chyme is present in the duodenum?
cck into blood -> GB contracts -> bile in cystic duct -> Common bile duct -> sphincter of oddi opents -> major duodenal papilla -> duodenum Secretin -> liver produces bile
66
what happens to GB when no chyme is present in duodenum?
bile stored in GB
67
Is the pancreas interperitoneal/retro?
retro
68
What are the pancreas's endocrine secretions?
insulin and glucagon
69
What are the pancreas's exocrine secretions essential for?
digestion
70
What cells make pancreatic juice?
duct cells - alkaline fluid | acinar cells - enzyme production
71
How does prancreatic juice get into the duodenum?
into main pancreatic duct -> sphincter -> hepatopancreatic ampulla -> sphincter of oddi
72
The alkaline fluid in pancreatic juice is sectreted by what type of cell, what is its function and what does it contain?
duct cells neutralize acidic chyme HCO3
73
What enzymes do the acinar cells release?
``` Lipase Pancreatic amylase chymotripsinogen tripsinogen procarboxipeptidase nucleases ```
74
What is trypsogen activated by? | Once activated what does it do?
brush boarder enzymess, enteropeptidase | activates all other proteases
75
What are hormonal regulations of pancreatic secretions?
Secretin in response to acidic chyme in duodenum, causing duct cells to secrete alkaline fluid CCK in response to protein and fat in duodenum which causes acinar cells to release enzymes
76
What are neural regulation of pancreatic secretions?
vagus nerve, parasympathetic, long reflex, cephalic/gastric phases release pancreateic juice
77
What are the parts of the Large Intestine?
cecum, appendix ascending transverse, descending, rectum anal canal anus transerse and sigmoid anchored by mesenteries
78
What are 3 unique features of LI?
Tenia Coli - long muscle - 3 strands Haustra - formed by teni coli Epiploic Appendages - fat on outside
79
The mucosa of the LI? What kind of epithilium? What structure does have the same epitilium what is it abundant with?
Simple columnar anal canal =stratified squamous deep crypts/gob cells
80
What are the characteristics of motility in LI?
mostly inactive | sluggish and short lived
81
Types of movement in LI?
Haustral contractions | Mass Movements
82
What are haustral contractions and where are they found?
LI | local, every 30 mins, responsse to distentiobn
83
What are mass movements? how often do they occur? What are they triggered by?
move contents toward rectum, slow peristalsis 3-4 times daily Gastrocolic reflex - food entering stomach
84
What are the 4 majors functions of the colon?
transports waste to rectum absorbs water from indigestible foods and elminates them reabsorbs bile salts, na, cl and others normal bacterial flora in colon
85
What do the norma bacterial flora in colon do?
vitamin K & B complex ferment undigestied carbs and increase flatus can survie digestive process enter through anus
86
What does the rectum have a complete layer of and what does it allow?
longtitudinal muscle layer | strong muscle contractions
87
what do the 3 valves in the rectum do?
stop feces from being passed with gas
88
What is the anal canal and what does it have? | What is its mucosa?
last segment of rectum sphincters, internal (invol) external (vol) Stratified squamous
89
What is the defecation reflex?
mass movements force feces in rectum and the distention of the rectum initiates spinal defecation reflex which stims parasympathetic, stimulation contraactions of sigmoid colon and rectum, internal anal sphincter relaxes, conscious control allows relaxation of external
90
What are glucose fructose and galactacose examples of?
monosaccrides
91
What are sucrose, lactose and maltose examples of?
disaccrides
92
What are gycogen and starch examples of?
oligosaccrides, digestion in mouth and SI
93
Polypeptide digestion?
stomach and small intestine
94
Lipid digestion?
only in small intestine
95
Monosaccride Absorbtion?
in ep cells facilitaed diffusion/contransport with na carrier proteins ub nenvrabe simple diffusion through ep cells Facilitaed diffusion/contransport in caps transported to liver for processing
96
Where are Amino Acids mostly absorbed?
``` duodenum/jejeunum contransport into ep cells with na facilitated diffuse into caps and vein some di and tripeptides absorbed into ep cells and hydrolysized there to amino acids go to liver ```
97
Where does lipid absorption mostly occur?
ileum monoglycerides and free fatty acids form micelles with bile salts which then move to micro villi, lipids leave micelles and diffuse into ep cells and are resynthesized into triglycerides and formed into chylomicrons by binding with pro, phospholipids, and cholestrol which then enters blood which is then turned to fatty acids and gycerol --diffuses through cap wall into tissue for storage or ATP
98
``` Vitamin absorption? where? diet vitamins bacterial vitamins fat soluble water soluble B12 ```
``` SI LI with fat into micelles diffusion intrinsic factor -->active transport ```

a & p 2 (4 decks)

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