The Digestive System Flashcards
(177 cards)
1
Q
Food contains _____ and _____ the body needs in order to _____. It must be broken down through _____ and _____ digestion to molecular size before it can be _____ and used by _____.
A
substances and energy; construct all cell components
chemical and mechanical; absorbed; cells
2
Q
_____ is the medical profession that studies the structures, functions, and disorders of the digestive tract.
A
Gastroenterology
3
Q
The _____ and _____ transport food.
A
pharynx and esophagus
4
Q
The stomach functions in _____ and the absorption of _____ and _____.
A
mechanical disruption; water and alcohol
5
Q
The small intestine function in _____ and _____ as well as _____.
A
chemical and mechanical digestion; absorption
6
Q
The large intestine absorbs _____, _____ and _____.
A
water, electrolytes and vitamins B and K
7
Q
The _____ is the tube open at both ends for _____ during processing.
A
GI tract; the transit of food
8
Q
The functional segments of the GI tract include: _____, _____, _____, _____ and _____.
A
the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines
9
Q
The accessory structures of the GI tract that contribute to food processing include: _____, _____, _____, _____, _____ and _____.
A
the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas
10
Q
Digestion includes 6 basic processes: 1) _____, 2) _____, 3) _____, 4) _____, 5) _____ and 6) _____.
A
1) ingestion, 2) secretion 3) mixing and propulsion, 4) digestion, 5) absorption and 6) defecation
11
Q
Ingestion
A
Taking food into the mouth (eating)
12
Q
Secretion
A
The release of water, acid, buffers and enzymes into the lumen of the GI tract
13
Q
Mixing and Propulsion (_____) result from _____.
A
movement; the alternating contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscles within the walls of the GI tract
14
Q
Digestion
A
Breaking down of food
15
Q
Mechanical digestion consists of _____.
A
movements of the GI tract that aid in chemical digestion
16
Q
Chemical digestion is _____ that _____ into _____ that are _____.
A
a series of catabolic reactions that break down large carbohydrates, lipid and protein food molecules into smaller molecules that are usable by body cells
17
Q
Absorption
A
The passage of end products of digestion from the GI tract into blood or lymph for distribution to cells
18
Q
Defecation
A
Emptying of the rectum, eliminating indigestible substances from the GI tract
19
Q
Mechanical digestion includes: _____ (chewing), _____, _____ to increase contact of _____ with _____, and _____
A
mastication; swallowing; mixing; food with digestive chemicals; peristalsis
20
Q
Peristalsis is _____ that facilitates _____.
A
the movement of muscles within the GI tract that facilitates movement of food
21
Q
Chemical digestion is mainly accomplished by _____ (_____).
A
using water to break chemical bonds (hydrolysis)
22
Q
During chemical digestion, fats are broken down into _____ and _____, carbohydrates are broken down from _____ into _____, and proteins are broken down into _____ and _____.
A
fatty acids and glycerol; polysaccharides into monosaccharides; polypeptides and amino acids
23
Q
The layers of the GI tract (from deep to superficial) are _____, _____, _____, and _____.
A
the mucosal layer, submucosal layer, muscularis layer, and serosa layer
24
Q
The enteric nervous system (ENS) consists of _____ that extend from _____ to _____.
A
neurons; the esophagus to the anus
25
The ENS controls _____ and _____ and can function _____.
motility and secretions; independently of the CNS
26
Gastrointestinal reflex pathways, which are part of the _____, regulate _____ and _____ in response to _____ (_____ and _____)
ENS; secretions and motility; contents in the lumen (chemicals and stretch)
27
_____ and _____ can monitor and modify activity of the ENS.
Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
28
The _____ is the serous membrane of the abdomen.
peritoneum
29
The _____ and _____ lie on the _____ abdominal wall behind the peritoneum and are called _____.
kidneys and pancreas; posterior; retroperitoneal
30
The _____ is the potential space between the parietal and visceral portions of the peritoneum and contains _____.
peritoneal cavity; serous fluid
31
The peritoneum contain large folds that _____, functioning to _____ and contain _____.
weave between the viscera; support organs; blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves of the abdominal organs
32
Extensions of the peritoneum include the _____, _____ and _____.
mesentery, mesocolon and greater omentum
33
The greater omentum is _____ containing _____ that _____.
a fat; a flap of peritoneum; covers and protects the intestines
34
Peritonitis is _____ caused by _____.
an acute inflammation of the peritoneum; contamination by infection microbes during surgery or from rupture of abdominal organs
35
The mouth (_____ or _____) is formed by _____, _____ and _____, _____ (_____), and _____.
oral or buccal cavity; the cheeks, hard and soft palate, lips (labia) and tongue
36
There are three pairs of salivary glands: _____ are located _____, _____ are located _____, and _____ are located _____.
parotid are located on the angle of the jaw, submandibular are located under the jaw, and sublingual are located under the tongue
37
Saliva _____ and _____ food and starts the _____. It also functions to _____.
lubricates and dissolves; chemical digestion of carbohydrates
keep the mucous membranes of the mouth and throat moist
38
Saliva is _____% _____ and also contains _____, _____, and _____.
99.5% water; mucous, amylase and lysozyme
39
Mucous in saliva functions to _____.
moisten food for easier swallowing
40
Amylase in saliva is _____.
an enzyme for starch digestion
41
Lysozyme in saliva is _____.
an enzyme that helps destroy bacteria
42
Mumps is a _____ that _____.
a virus that infects the parotid salivary glands
43
The _____ and _____ form the floor of the oral cavity.
tongue and its associated muscle
44
The tongue aids in _____ and _____.
chewing and speech
45
The _____ and _____ of the tongue are covered with _____ that contain _____.
upper surface and sides; papillae; taste buds
46
The structures of a tooth include: _____, _____, _____, _____ and _____ (_____).
the crown, neck, roots, pulp cavity and gingiva (gum)
47
_____ covers the chewing surface of the tooth.
Enamel
48
_____ is the hardest substance in the body.
Enamel
49
_____ forms the basic tooth shape.
Dentin
50
_____ holds the tooth in its socket.
Cementum
51
You have _____ (_____) or baby teeth.
20 deciduous (primary)
52
You have _____ (_____) or adult teeth.
32 permanent (secondary)
53
Mechanical digestion involves _____ to break food into pieces and mix it with _____ to form a _____, or a _____
mastication; saliva; bolus; wad of food
54
In chemical digestion, _____ begins starch digestion and _____ begins the breakdown of triglycerides (fats).
amylase; lingual lipase
55
The _____ is a funnel-shaped tube extending from the _____ to the _____ (posteriorly) and the _____ (anteriorly).
pharynx; internal nares; esophagus; larynx
56
The pharynx is composed of _____ lined by _____.
skeletal muscle; mucous membrane
57
_____ (swallowing) is facilitated by _____ and _____.
Deglutition; saliva and mucus
58
The swallowing center is located _____.
in the brainstem
59
During deglutition (_____), the _____ is lifted to close the _____ and the _____ is bent to cover the _____.
swallowing; soft palate; nasopharynx; epiglottis; glottis
60
The _____ is a collapsible, muscular tube that lies behind _____ and connects the _____ to the _____.
esophagus; the trachea; pharynx; stomach
61
The role of the esophagus is to _____ and _____.
secrete mucus and transport food to the stomach
62
The esophagus has an upper and lower _____.
esophageal sphincter
63
The esophagus is located in front of _____, posterior to _____ and pierces the _____ and the _____.
vertebrae; the trachea; diaphragm; hiatus
64
During the voluntary phase of swallowing, the tongue _____.
pushes food to the back of the oral cavity
65
The involuntary phase of swallowing is also known as the _____.
pharyngeal stage
66
During the involuntary phase of swallowing, _____ stops,the _____ and _____ close and the _____ and _____ are lifted to close off the _____. As the _____ is lifted the _____ is bent over the airway to cover it.
breathing; airways and vocal cords; soft palate and uvula; nasopharynx;
larynx; epiglottis
67
The _____ relaxes when the larynx is lifted.
upper sphincter of the epiglottis
68
The _____ relaxes as food approaches.
lower sphincter of the epiglottis
69
GERD is caused when _____ and causes _____ resulting in _____.
Worsening or the condition can be caused by _____ and _____ which cause the _____ to relax or because or a _____ or a _____.
the lower esophageal sphincter fails to close; stomach acid to enter the esophagus; heartburn
smoking and alcohol; sphincter; hiatal hernia or a diaphragmatic hernia
70
The stomach has a _____ enlargement of the GI tract that begins at the _____ and ends at the _____. It serves as _____, begins the _____, and continues the _____, converting a _____ into a liquid called _____. It can also absorb some substances like _____ and _____.
J-shaped; bottom of the esophagus; pyloric sphincter
a mixing and holding area for food; digestion of proteins; digestion of triglycerides; bolus; chyme
water and alcohol
71
The stomach empties as small squirts of _____ leave through the _____.
chyme; pyloric sphincter
72
The four parts of the stomach are: _____, _____, _____, and _____.
the cardia, fundus, body and pylorus
73
The _____ side of the stomach can stretch due to _____ called _____.
left; folds; rugae
74
Pyloric stenosis is _____ that causes _____ that _____ and is indicated by _____. It can be corrected with _____.
an abnormality of the pyloric sphincter in infants; a narrowing of the sphincter that traps food in the stomach; projectile vomiting; surgery
75
Mechanical digestion consists of peristaltic movements called _____.
mixing waves
76
_____ breaks down proteins into peptides.
Pepsin
77
_____ is secreted by the stomach's _____ cells to denature proteins and kill bacteria.
HCl; parietal
78
There is a _____ thick layer of mucus in the stomach to protect it from being digested.
1-3 mm
79
The pancreas is divided into a _____, _____ and _____ and is connected to the _____ via the _____.
head, body and tail; duodenum; pancreatic duct
80
_____ secretes a mixture of fluid and digestive enzymes called pancreatic juice.
Acini
81
Acini is the _____.
exocrine pancreas
82
_____ quarts of pancreatic juice are produced each day and has a pH of _____.
1 1/2; 7.1-8.2
83
The hormone _____ causes pancreatic juices to be released when stomach acid hit the _____.
secretin; duodenum
84
Amylase digests _____.
starches
85
Lipase digests _____.
fats
86
Proteases digest _____.
proteins
87
Ribonuclease digests _____.
RNA
88
Deoxyribonuclease digests _____.
DNA
89
Acute pancreatitis is associated with _____ or _____ and results in a secretion of _____ which _____.
heavy alcohol consumption or biliary tract obstruction; trypsin; gets stuck in the pancreas and the pancreas starts to digest itself
90
The _____ is the heaviest gland in the body and is the second largest organ after the _____.
liver; skin
91
The liver is divisible into _____ and _____ lobes that are separated by an extension of the _____ called the _____.
right and left; peritoneum; falciform ligament
92
The _____ is a sac located in a depression on the posterior surface of the liver that stores and concentrates _____.
gallbladder; bile
93
The liver receives a double supply of blood from the _____ and the _____.
hepatic artery and the hepatic portal vein
94
The hepatic portal veins leads from the _____ to the _____.
intestines; liver
95
All blood eventually leaves the liver through the _____.
hepatic portal vein
96
Bile is secreted by _____ (liver cells) and is _____ in color.
hepatocytes; yellow-green
97
Bile helps to _____.
emulsify fats
98
Bile passes from the _____ to _____ and empties into the _____.
bile canaliculi; bile ducts; duodenum
99
Jaundice is a yellowish coloration of the _____, _____ and _____ due to _____.
sclera, skin and mucous membranes; bilirubin
100
The liver functions in catabolism of _____, _____, and _____, processing of _____ and _____, production and excretion of _____, storage of _____ as well as some ______ and _____, recycling old _____ and _____, and in the activation of _____.
carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids; drugs and hormones; bile; carbohydrates as well as some vitamins and mineral; RBCs and WBCs; vitamin D
101
The small intestine is _____ long.
20 feet
102
The 3 parts of the small intestine are the _____, _____ and _____.
duodenum, jejunum and ileum
103
_____ takes place in the duodenum.
Chemical digestion
104
_____ and _____ take place in the jejunum
Chemical and mechanical digestion and absorption
105
_____ takes place in the ileum which ends at the _____.
Absorption; ileocecal valve
106
The mucosa in the small intestines from finger-like _____ that increase the _____ that is available for absorption.
villi; surface area of the epithelium
107
Embedded in the villus is a _____ (_____) for _____ and is where digested _____ and _____ enter the blood capillaries.
lacteal (lymphatic capillary); fat absorption; proteins and carbohydrates
108
Epithelial cells of the villi feature _____ which _____ even further.
microvilli; increase the surface area of the epithelium
109
_____ make up the brush border which also contains several _____.
Microvilli; enzymes
110
Peristalsis of the small intestines is _____ compared to that of the stomach.
weak
111
Chyme remains in the small intestines for _____.
3 to 5 hours
112
Segmentation is the _____.
local mixing of chyme with intestinal juices
113
_____, _____ and _____ break down carbohydrates.
Maltase, sucrase and lactase
114
_____ and _____ are brush border enzymes that break down proteins.
Aminopeptidase and dipeptidase
115
_____ and _____ break down nucleotides.
Nucleotidase and phosphatase
116
_____, _____ and _____ are brush borders enzymes that break down the disaccharides _____, _____ and _____.
Maltase, sucrase and lactase; maltose, sucrose and lactose
117
Pepsin turns proteins into _____.
peptides
118
The pancreas secretes _____, _____ and _____.
trypsin, chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase
119
_____ is secreted in the mouth to digest lipids.
Lingual lipase
120
_____ is secreted in the stomach to digest lipids.
Gastric lipase
121
_____ and _____ are secreted in the small intestine to digest lipids.
Bile and pancreatic lipase
122
Nucleic acids are broken down into _____ for absorption.
nucleotides
123
Nucleotides are absorbed by _____ transport.
active
124
Absorption occurs by _____, _____, _____ and _____.
diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis and active transport
125
Carbohydrates are broken down and absorbed as _____ in the _____.
monosaccharides; villus
126
Most proteins are broken down and absorbed as _____, _____ and _____ by _____ processes in the _____.
amino acids, dipeptides and tripeptides; active transport; villus
127
Lipids are broken down and absorbed as _____ and _____.
fatty acids and monoglycerides
128
Lipids break down and form lipid-protein complexes called _____ that are transported via _____.
chylomicrons; lacteals
129
Lacteals are _____ in the _____.
lymph vessels in the villus
130
Most lipids are transported in the blood in combination with _____ as _____.
proteins as lipoproteins
131
Many of the electrolytes absorbed by the _____ come from _____ and some are part of _____.
small intestine; gastrointestinal secretions; digested foods and liquids
132
Electrolytes enter _____ cells by _____ and _____.
epithelial; diffusion and active transport
133
Intestinal calcium absorption requires _____ and _____.
vitamin D and PTH
134
The fat-soluble vitamins are _____.
A, D, E and K
135
The water-soluble vitamins are _____.
B and C
136
B12 combines with _____ before it is transported into the cells.
intrinsic factor
137
Intrinsic factor is produced by the _____.
stomach
138
All water absorption of the GI tract occurs by _____ from the _____ of the intestines through the _____ and into _____.
osmosis; lumen; epithelial cells; blood capillaries
139
The absorption of water depends on the absorption of _____ and _____ to maintain an _____ with the blood.
electrolytes and nutrients; osmotic balance
140
_____ of fluid are dumped into the GI tract each day, _____ of which are reabsorbed by the small intestine.
9L; 8L
141
Of the _____ of fluid dumped into the GI tract each day, _____% of the _____ is reabsorbed by the large intestine.
9L; 90% of the last liter
142
The large intestine is _____ long and is _____ in diameter.
5 feet; 2 1/2 in
143
The _____ is the last 8 inches of the GI tract.
rectum
144
The _____ is the last inch of the GI tract.
anal canal
145
The internal sphincter of the anal canal is make of _____ muscle and is _____.
smooth; involuntary
146
The external sphincter of the anal canal is make of _____ muscle and is _____.
skeletal; voluntary
147
Symptoms of appendicitis are _____ temperature, _____ WBC count, _____ count above 75%, _____ pain that localizes in the _____ quadrant, anorexia, nausea and vomiting.
high; elevated; neutrophil; referred; right lower
148
With appendicitis, infection can progress to _____ and perforation within _____ hours.
gangrene; 24-36
149
The colon has a series of pouches called _____.
haustra
150
Mechanical movements of the large intestine include _____, _____ and _____.
haustral churning, peristalsis and mass peristalsis
151
The _____ holds bacteria that aid in digestion.
cecum
152
No _____ are secreted by the large intestine - only _____.
enzymes; mucus
153
Bacteria in the large intestine ferment undigested carbohydrates into _____ and _____.
CO2 and methane gas
154
Bacteria in the large intestine ferment undigested proteins into _____ that produce _____.
indoles; odor
155
Bacteria in the large intestine turn bilirubin into _____ that produce _____.
simpler substances; color
156
Bacteria in the colon produce _____ and _____.
vitamins K and B
157
The colon mainly absorbs _____ and _____.
electrolytes and water
158
after _____ hours, _____% of water has been removed from chyme.
3-10; 90%
159
Feces is composed of dead _____, _____ (such as _____) and _____ (living and dead)
epithelial cells, undigested food (such as cellulose) and bacteria
160
Diarrhea is caused when _____ and water is not reabsorbed.
chyme passes too quickly through the intestine
161
Constipation is caused from a decrease in _____.
intestinal motility
162
The phases of digestion are: _____, _____ and _____.
cephalic phase, gastric phase and intestinal phase
163
The _____ is initiated by sensory receptors in the head and prepares the _____ and _____ for food that is about to be eaten.
cephalic phase; mouth and stomach
164
The part of the brain that initiates the cephalic phase is the _____.
cerebral cortex
165
In the gastric phase of digestion, _____ keeps the stomach active and _____ increases stomach secretion and churning.
parasympathetic nervous control; gastrin
166
In the intestinal phase of digestion, stretch receptors, fatty acids or sugar in the intestine signal the _____ and _____ nerves slow _____ and increase _____.
medulla; sympathetic; stomach activity; intestinal activity
167
_____ stimulates the flow of _____ to increase pH when acid enters the duodenum.
Secretin; bicarbonate ions
168
Cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulates the secretion of _____.
digestive enzymes
169
Dental caries (tooth decay) is started by _____ that reside in _____, act on _____, and demineralize _____ and _____ with acid.
acid-producing bacteria; dental plaque; sugars; tooth enamel and dentin
170
Periodontal diseases are characterized in inflammation and degeneration of the _____ and _____.
gingivae and alveolar bone
171
_____ are crater-like lesions that develop in the mucous membrane of the GI tract in areas exposed to _____.
Peptic ulcers; gastric juice
172
The 3 well-defined causes of peptic ulcer disease are: _____, _____ and _____.
H. pylori, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like aspirin and hypersecretion of HCl
173
_____ are sac-like outpouchings of the wall of the colon in places where _____ has becomes weak.
Diverticula; the muscle layer
174
_____ is an inflammation of the liver and can be caused by viruses, drugs, and chemical, including alcohol.
Hepatitis
175
_____ is caused by _____ virus and is spread by fecal contamination and does not cause lasting liver damage.
Hepatitis A; hepatitis A
176
_____ is caused by _____ virus and is spread primarily by sexual contact and contaminated syringes and transfusion equipment. It can produce _____ of the liver and possibly cause _____.
Hepatitis B; hepatitis B
| cirrhosis; cancer
177
A vaccine is available for hepatitis _____.
B
