The Respiratory System Flashcards
(217 cards)
1
Q
The respiratory system is designed for _____.
A
gas exchange
2
Q
The _____ system transports gases in blood.
A
cardiovascular
3
Q
The _____ consists of the back of the nose and throat.
A
pharynx
4
Q
The voicebox is also called the _____.
A
larynx
5
Q
Your windpipe is also known as your _____.
A
trachea
6
Q
The lungs consist of airways, called _____, and air sacs, called _____.
A
bronchi; alveoli
7
Q
The respiratory tract is split structurally into _____ that split at the _____.
A
upper and lower respiratory tracts; vocal cords (URT is above vocal cords, LRT is below)
8
Q
Functionally, the respiratory system is divided into the _____ and the _____.
A
conducting zone; respiratory zone
9
Q
The _____ of the lungs consists of a series of cavities and tubes that conduct air into and out of the lungs.
A
conducting system
10
Q
The conducting system of the lungs includes the _____, _____, _____, _____, _____, _____, and _____.
A
nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles
11
Q
The _____ of the lungs consists of the area where gas exchange occurs.
A
respiratory portion
12
Q
The respiratory zone of the lungs includes the _____, _____, _____, and _____.
A
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli
13
Q
The external nasal structures are composed of _____, _____ and _____ and are lined with _____ inside.
A
skin, nasal bones and cartilage; a mucous membrane
14
Q
The openings of the external nasal structures are called _____ or _____.
A
external nares or nostrils
15
Q
The internal nose, or nasal cavity, _____.
A
a large chamber within the skull
16
Q
The nasal septum is composed of _____ and separates the _____ into _____.
A
bone and cartilage; nasal cavity; right and left sides.
17
Q
The _____ (or _____) are bony swellings on the lateral walls of the nasal cavity.
A
conchae (or turbinates)
18
Q
The _____ are hollow areas in the skull that drain into the nasal area.
A
paranasal sinuses
19
Q
The olfactory epithelium is used for _____.
A
sense of smell
20
Q
_____ epithelium with _____ lines the nasal cavity.
A
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
21
Q
The epithelium lining the nasal cavity _____ due to its high vascularity.
A
warms the air
22
Q
The mucous of the nasal cavity works to _____ and _____.
A
moisten air and trap dust
23
Q
The cilia of the nasal cavity work to _____.
A
move the mucous towards the pharynx
24
Q
The turbinates (or conchae) help to _____.
A
stir up air to moisten it and trap dust
25
The paranasal sinuses open into _____.
the nasal cavity
26
The paranasal sinuses are found in the _____, _____, _____, and _____ bones of the skull.
ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal, and maxillary
27
The _____ help to lighten the skull and resonate voice.
paranasal sinuses
28
Rhinoplasty
a surgical procedure in which the structure of the external nose is altered for cosmetic or functional reasons (such as fracture or septal repair)
29
The _____ (throat) is a muscular tube lined by a mucous membrane.
pharynx
30
The anatomical regions of the pharynx are the _____, _____, and _____.
nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
31
The part of the pharynx that functions only in respiration is the _____.
nasopharynx
32
Both the _____ and the _____ function in digestion and in respiration by serving as a passageway for both air and food.
oropharynx and laryngopharynx
33
The tonsils, which are made of _____, help to _____.
lymphoid tissue; protect against invading organisms
34
The _____ is a passageway that connects the pharynx with the trachea.
larynx
35
The Adam's apple of the _____ is made of _____.
larynx; thyroid cartilage
36
_____ connects the larynx and the trachea.
Cricoid cartilage
37
The _____ prevents food from entering the larynx.
epiglottis
38
The _____ produce sound and are modified by other structures to produce _____.
vocal folds; speech
39
The _____ is the space between the vocal folds
rima glottidis
40
The _____ is the vocal folds and the space between them.
glottis
41
True vocal cord contains both _____ and _____ (_____).
skeletal muscle and an elastic ligament (vocal ligament)
42
There are _____ muscles of the larynx that _____, _____ and _____ for sound production.
10; contract, move cartilages and stretch vocal cords
43
_____ is produced when air is pushed past a _____.
Sound; tight ligament
44
The _____ and _____ vocal cord in males produces a lower pitch sound.
longer and thicker
45
The tighter the ligament, the _____ the pitch.
higher
46
To increase the volume of sound, you _____.
push air harder
47
Opening and closing of the vocal folds occurs during _____ and _____.
breathing and speech
48
Speech is _____ made by _____.
modified sound; the larynx
49
Speech requires the _____, _____, _____ and _____ to resonate sound.
pharynx, mouth, nasal cavity and sinuses
50
The _____ and _____ form words.
tongue and lips
51
Pitch is controlled by _____.
tension on vocal folds
52
When a vocal fold is pulled tighter, the pitch _____.
becomes higher.
53
Male vocal cords are _____ so they vibrate _____ slowly to produce a lower pitch.
longer and thicker; more
54
Whispering is _____.
forcing air through almost closed rima glottidis
55
The _____ alone forms speech when whispering.
oral cavity
56
Laryngitis
An inflammation of the larynx that is usually caused by respiratory infection or irritants.
57
Cancer of the larynx is found almost exclusively in _____.
smokers
58
The trachea extends _____ from the _____ to where it splits into the _____.
12cm; larynx; primary bronchi
59
The trachea is composed of _____ and _____ and is lined with _____.
smooth muscle and C-shaped rings of cartilage; pseodostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
60
The _____ of the trachea help to keep the airway open.
C-shaped cartilage rings
61
The _____ in the trachea sweep debris away from _____ and up to _____ to be swallowed.
cilia of the epithelium; the lungs; the throat
62
The trachea is composed of C-shaped rings made of _____ that are _____ closed off by _____.
hyaline cartilage; posteriorly; the trachealis muscle
63
Intubation or a tracheotomy is used to _____.
Reestablish airflow past an airway obstruction.
64
Tracheotomy
An incision in the trachea below the cricoid cartilage when the larynx is obstructed.
65
Intubation
Passing of a tube from the mouth or nose through the larynx and trachea.
66
The right and left primary (or _____) bronchi emerge from _____ to go to _____, situated in the _____.
mainstem; the inferior trachea; the lungs; right and left pleural cavities
67
The carina is _____ located _____.
an internal ridge; at the junction of the two mainstem bronchi
68
The _____ is a very sensitive area for triggering the cough reflex.
carina
69
_____ bronchi supply each lung.
Primary
70
Secondary bronchi supply _____. (_____ right and _____ left)
each lobe of the lung; 3 right and 2 left
71
The right lung has _____ lobes whereas the left lung has _____ lobes.
3; 2
72
Tertiary bronchi supply _____.
each bronchopulmonary segment
73
Repeated branchings of the bronchi are called _____.
bronchioles
74
The smallest branches of bronchi are _____.
terminal bronchioles
75
Epithelium of the bronchial tree changes from _____ to _____ as you pass deeper into the lungs.
pseudostratified ciliated columnar; simple cuboidal
76
As you pass deeper into the lungs, rings of _____ on the bronchial tree are replaced by _____ which are under the control of _____.
cartilage; rings of smooth muscle; the autonomic nervous system
77
The _____ and the _____ release epinephrine which _____ smooth muscle and _____ airways.
sympathetic NS; adrenal gland; relaxes; dilates
78
The parasympathetic NS causes airways to _____.
constrict
79
Asthma attacks and allergic reactions constrict _____.
distal bronchiole smooth muscle
80
Nebulization therapy
Inhalation of a mist with sympathomimetic chemicals that relax smooth muscle.
81
The pleural cavity is the _____.
potential space between the ribs and the lungs
82
The lungs are located in the _____ cavity.
thoracic
83
The apex of the lung extends _____ and the base _____.
slightly above the clavicles; rests on the diaphragm
84
Between the _____ and _____ pleurae is a _____ called the pleural cavity that contains _____ secreted by the membranes.
visceral and parietal; small potential space; lubricating pleural fluid
85
The right lung is divided into _____ lobes by the _____.
3; oblique and horizontal fissures.
86
The left lung is divided into _____ lobes by the _____;
2; oblique fissure
87
Blood vessels and airways enter the lungs at _____.
hilus
88
The _____ form the root of the lungs.
hilium and its contents
89
The mediastinal surface of the lungs is covered with _____ and is the point where _____ becomes _____.
pleura; parietal pleura; visceral pleura
90
_____ bronchioles open into _____ bronchioles in each lobe of the lungs.
terminal; respiratory
91
Respiratory bronchioles are made of _____.
simple squamous epithelium
92
Alveolar ducts open into _____ and _____.
alveolar sacs and alveoli
93
_____ bronchioles open into _____ ducts.
Respiratory; alveolar
94
Type I alveolar cells are made of _____ and are the sites where _____ occurs.
simple squamous cells; gas exchange
95
Type II alveolar cells (_____) secrete _____ that contains _____.
septal cells; alveolar fluid; surfactant
96
Surfactant, which is secreted by _____, helps keep lungs open by _____.
type II alveolar (septal) cells; decreasing surface tension
97
Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)
A disorder occurring in premature babies due to a lack of surfactant.
98
_____ are wandering macrophages in the lungs that remove debris.
Alveolar dust cells
99
Deoxygenated blood arrives in the lungs through _____ from _____.
the pulmonary truck; the right ventricle
100
_____ branch off of the _____ to supply oxygenated blood to lung tissue.
Bronchial arteries; aorta
101
Respiration occurs in 4 basic steps: 1) _____, 2) _____, 3) _____ and 4) _____
1) pulmonary ventilation, 2) external respiration, 3) internal respiration and 4) cellular respiration
102
Pulmonary Respiration
Air moving in and out of the lungs (breathing)
103
External Respiration
Pulmonary gas exchange
104
Internal Respiration
Tissue gas exchange
105
Cellular Respiration
Cells utilize oxygen during glucose catabolism and release carbon dioxide.
106
The _____ and _____ contract, causing the atmospheric pressure inside of the lungs to be _____ than the atmospheric pressure outside of the lungs and _____ occurs.
diaphragm and external intercostal muscles; less; inspiration
107
The _____ and _____ relax, causing the atmospheric pressure inside of the lungs to be _____ than the atmospheric pressure outside of the lungs and _____ occurs.
diaphragm and external intercostal muscles; greater; expiration
108
During forced expiration, both the _____ and the _____ muscles _____.
internal intercostal and abdominal; contract
109
Breathing in requires _____ and _____.
muscular activity and chest size changes
110
Inhalation occurs when _____ pressure falls below _____.
alveolar (intrapulmonic); atmospheric pressure
111
During forced inhalation the _____, _____ and _____ are also used.
sternocleidomastoids, scalenes and pectoralis minor
112
During quiet inspiration, the diaphragm moves _____ and the ribs are lifted by the _____. The _____ pressure falls and _____ of air is inhaled.
1cm; external intercostal muscles
| intrathoracic; 2-3L
113
Exhalation occurs when _____ pressure rises above _____.
alveolar pressure; atmospheric pressure
114
Exhalation becomes active during _____.
labored breathing
115
Forced expiration employs _____ of the _____ and _____ muscles.
contraction; internal intercostals and abdominal
116
Quiet expiration is a _____ process with _____ muscle action.
passive; no
117
_____ and _____ pull the ribs inward during quiet expiration.
Elastic recoil and surface tension in the alveoli
118
The thin layer of fluid in the alveoli creates _____ and make the airways _____.
surface tension; difficult to open
119
A detergent- like substance called _____ lowers alveolar surface tension.
surfactant
120
Lack of surfactant causes the alveoli _____.
to collapse at the end of each expiration
121
Compliance of the lungs is _____.
the ease with which the lungs and chest wall expand.
122
Compliance of the lungs can be decreased by _____ from diseases like _____, or by _____ which is _____ and reduced _____.
scar tissue; tuberculosis; pulmonary edema; fluid in the lungs; surfactant
123
Resistance to airflow depends on _____.
airway size
124
Resistance of airflow can be increased by _____ and _____.
inflammation of airways and constriction of smooth muscle
125
Eupnea
A normal variation in breathing rate and depth
126
Apnea
When one stops breathing
127
Dyspnea
Relates to difficult or painful breathing
128
Tachypnea
Rapid breathing rate
129
Diaphragmatic breathing
The usual mode of operation to move air by contracting and relaxing the diaphragm to change the lung volume
130
Costal breathing
Requires combinations of various patterns of intercostal and extracostal muscles, usually during need to increase ventilation, as with exercise.
131
Modified respiratory movements
Used to express emotions and to clear air passageways
132
Coughing
deep inspiration, closure of rima glottidis and strong expiration blasts air out to clear respiratory passageways
133
Hiccuping
Spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm and quick closure of the rima glottidis produce sharp inspiratory sound.
134
Valsava
Forced expiration against a closed rima glottidis (straining, defecating)
135
Tidal volume
The amount of air moved during quiet breathing
136
Inspiratory reserve volume
The amount of air that can be breathed in beyond normal inspiration
137
Expiratory reserve volume
The amount of air that can be breathed out beyond normal expiration
138
Vital capacity
The maximum amount of air that can be forcefully breathed in and out
139
Residual volume
The amount of air remaining in the lungs after forced expiration
140
Total lung capacity
The vital capacity plus the residual capacity
141
Air is _____% oxygen, _____% nitrogen and _____% carbon dioxide.
21% 79%; .04%
142
Expelled air is _____% oxygen, _____% nitrogen and _____% carbon dioxide.
16%; 79%; 4.5%
143
The partial pressure of a gas is _____. It is dependent on both the _____ and the ____ of that gas and is symbolized by _____.
the pressure exerted by that gas in a mixture of gasses; pressure and concentration; P
144
Boyle's law states that _____.
there is an inverse relationship between the volume and the pressure of a gas
145
Henry's law states that _____. (i.e. breathing oxygen under pressure dissolves _____ oxygen in blood)
the quantity of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the pressure of the gas; more
146
Hyperbaric oxygenation is _____ and is used for treatment of _____ such as _____ because _____.
the use of pressure to dissolve more oxygen into the blood; anaerobic bacterial infections; tetanus and gangrene; anaerobic bacteria die in the presence of oxygen
147
External respiration is _____. Oxygen moves from _____ into _____ so blood becomes _____. Carbon dioxide moves from _____ into _____.
the exchange of gases from the lungs to circulation
the lungs into circulation; oxygenated
circulation into the lungs
148
Some oxygen is dissolved in the _____ as a gas but most is _____.
plasma; attached to hemoglobin
149
Oxygenated hemoglobin is called _____.
oxyhemoglobin
150
Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood in three form: _____ (_____%), _____ (_____%) and _____ (_____%)
dissolved in plasma as a gas (7%), converted into carbonic acid (70%) and attached to part of Hb (23%)
151
Carbon dioxide is converted into _____ through the action of an enzyme called _____.
carbonic acid; carbonic anhydrase
152
Internal respiration is _____. Oxygen moves from _____ into _____ so blood becomes _____. Carbon dioxide moves from _____ into _____.
the exchange of gases between blood and tissues
blood into tissues; deoxygenated
tissues into blood
153
Hemoglobin consists of a protein portion called _____ and a pigment portion called _____.
globin; heme
154
Each heme contains _____ of iron, each of which is capable of combining with _____ of oxygen.
4 atoms; 1 molecule
155
The most important factor that determines how much oxygen can combine with hemoglobin is _____.
the partial pressure of oxygen
156
The amount of Hb saturated with oxygen is called _____.
SaO2
157
Blood leaving the lungs has Hb that is _____ called _____.
fully saturated; oxyhemoglobin
158
The SaO2 of blood leaving the lungs is _____ and _____ of the 4 oxygen binding sites on hemoglobin are occupied.
close to 95-98%; 4
159
When blood returns to the lungs, _____ of the 4 oxygen binding sites are occupied and the SaO2 is _____.
3; 75%
160
Blood becomes almost fully saturated when the P of oxygen reaches _____.
60mm Hg
161
In an acidic environment, oxygen splits _____ readily from hemoglobin.
more
162
In a basic environment, oxygen splits _____ readily from hemoglobin.
less
163
_____ causes the release of oxygen from Hb.
Carbon dioxide
164
As temperature increases, the amount of oxygen released from Hb _____.
increases
165
Active cells (such as contracting muscles) liberate _____ acid and heat which _____ oxyhemoglobin to _____.
more; stimulates; release its oxygen
166
The Bohr effect states that as acidity increases, oxygen's affinity to Hb _____. _____ binds to the hemoglobin and _____. _____ is left behind in the tissues.
decreases
Hydrogen; alters it
Oxygen
167
Fetal hemoglobin differs from adults in _____. When the P of oxygen is low, fetal hemoglobin carries _____ oxygen.
structure and oxygen affinity
| more
168
Maternal blood in the placenta has _____ oxygen.
less
169
_____ can bind to Hb more successfully than oxygen and can displace oxygen from the heme group. This causes _____ which is treated with _____.
CO; CO poisoning; pure oxygen
170
When carbon dioxide combines with the globin of Hb it forms _____ which makes up _____% of the carbon dioxide in the blood.
carbaminohemoglobin; 23%
171
Nerve impulses are sent to the respiratory system from the _____ and _____ in the brainstem.
pons and medulla
172
Respiratory rhythm is controlled by the _____ of the _____.
medullary rhythmicity area; medulla
173
The ceasing of inhalation is controlled by the _____ of the _____.
pneumotaxic area; pons
174
Transition between inhalation and exhalation is controlled by the _____ of the _____.
apneustic area; pons
175
The respiratory pressure is controlled by _____ in the _____ and _____.
neurons; pons and medulla
176
The three groups of neurons that control the respiratory pressure are: _____, _____ and _____.
medullary rhythmicity, pneumotaxic and apneustic centers
177
Chemical regulation of respiration is done by _____ and _____.
central and peripheral chemoreceptors
178
Central chemoreceptors, which are found in _____, respond to changes in _____ or _____..
the medulla; hydrogen or PCO2
179
Peripheral chemoreceptors, which are found in _____ (_____) and _____ (_____), respond to changes in _____, _____ or _____.
the wall of the aorta (aortic body) and the walls of common carotid arteries (carotid bodies); hydrogen, PO2 or PCO2
180
_____ may voluntarily alter breathing pattern.
Cortical influences
181
_____ allow conscious control of respiration that may be need to avoid _____.
Cortical influences; inhaling noxious gasses or water.
182
Voluntary breath holding is limited by the overriding stimuli of _____.
increased H+ and CO2
183
_____ of joints and muscles activate the _____ to increase _____ prior to exercise induced oxygen need.
Proprioceptors; inspiratory center; ventilation
184
The Hering-Breuer reflex detects _____ with _____ and limits it depending on _____ and _____.
lung expansion; stretch receptors; ventilation need and prevention of damage
185
The Hering-Breuer reflex is also called the _____.
inflation reflex
186
Hypoxia
Oxygen deficiency at the tissue level
187
Hypoxic hypoxia is caused by _____. (ex: _____)
low PO2 in arterial blood; high altitude, airway obstruction, fluid in lungs
188
Anemic hypoxia is caused by _____. (ex: _____)
too few functioning Hb in the blood; hemorrhage, anemia, CO poisoning
189
Stagnant hypoxia is caused by _____. (ex: _____)
the inability of blood to carry O2 to tissues fast enough to sustain their needs; CV failure, circulatory shock
190
Histotoxic hypoxia is caused by _____. (ex: _____)
the blood delivering adequate amounts of O2 to the tissues but the tissues being unable to use it properly; cyanide poisoning
191
The respiratory system works with the cardiovascular system to _____.
make appropriate adjustments for different exercise intensities and durations.
192
Nicotine constricts _____.
terminal bronchioles
193
CO in smoke binds to _____.
Hb
194
Irritants in smoke cause _____ and inhibit _____.
excess mucus secretion; movements of cilia
195
In time, smoking destroys the _____ in lungs and leads to _____.
elastic fibers; emphysema
196
Emphysema leads to _____, _____ and _____.
air being trapped in alveoli, alveoli rupturing and reduced gas exchange
197
The _____ and _____ become more rigid as we age.
respiratory tissues and chest wall
198
Vital capacity decreases _____% by age _____.
35%; 70
199
Macrophage activity _____ with age.
decreases
200
Ciliary action _____ with age.
decreases
201
Blood oxygen levels _____ with age.
decrease
202
As we age, we are more susceptible to _____ and _____.
pneumonia and bronchitis
203
Pneumothorax results from _____ that lets air _____.
injuries to the chest wall or airways; enter the intrapleural space
204
In a pneumothorax, _____ and _____ causes the lung to _____.
surface tension and recoil of elastic fibers; collapse
205
Three examples of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) are: _____, _____ and _____.
emphysema, chronic bronchitis and lung cancer
206
COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; A type of respiratory disorder characterized by chronic and recurrent obstruction of air flow, which increases airway resistance
207
Bronchitis
An inflammation of the bronchial tubes, the main symptom of which is a productive cough.
208
Chronic bronchitis is due to _____ and _____.
persistent infections and smoking
209
In _____ (lung cancer), _____ are replaced by cancer cells after constant irritation has disrupted _____ of the _____. Airways are often _____ and _____ (spreading) is very common.
bronchogenic carcinoma; bronchial epithelial cells; the normal growth, division, and function of the epithelial cells
blocked; metastasis
210
Pneumonia is _____. The most common cause is the _____ but _____ may be involved. Treatment involves _____ with _____ and _____ when needed.
an acute infection of the alveoli
pneumococcal bacteria; other microbes may be involved
antibiotics; bronchodilators; oxygen
211
Tuberculosis (TB) is _____ produced by the organism _____. It is _____ and destroys _____, leaving _____ behind.
an inflammation of pleurae and lungs; Mycobacterium tuberculosis
communicable; lung tissue; nonfunctional fibrous tissue
212
_____ (common cold) is caused by _____ and is not usually accompanied by a fever, whereas _____ (the flu) is usually accompanied by a fever greater than _____.
Coryza; viruses; influenza; 101 degrees F
213
Pulmonary edema refers to _____ and may be _____ or _____ in origin.
an abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid in the interstitial spaces and alveoli of the lungs; pulmonary or cardiac
214
Cystic fibrosis is _____ that affects the _____, _____, _____ and _____.
an inherited disease of secretory epithelia; respiratory passageways, pancreas, salivary glands and sweat glands
215
Asbestos related diseases result from _____ and can cause _____ and _____.
inhaling asbestos particles; lung scarring and mesothelioma
216
SIDS is _____. Peak incidence is ages _____ to _____. The exact cause is _____ but _____ is a contributing factor.
the sudden unexpected death of an apparently healthy infant.
2 to 4 months
unknown; smoking
217
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is _____ that causes _____.
an emerging infectious disease; rapid lung failure
