The Digestive System Anatomy Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
List the 9 abdominal regions from superior right side to center
A
- right hypochondriac region
- epigastric region
- left hypochondriac region
- left lumbar region
- left iliac region
- hypogastric region
- right iliac region
- right lumbar region
- umbilical region
2
Q
What are the organs and structures associated with the right hypochondrium ?
A
- liver
- gallbladder
- (kidney) and adrenal gland
3
Q
What are the organs and structures associated with the epigastrium ?
A
- liver
- transverse colon
- abdominal aorta
- inferior veina cava
4
Q
Which organs and structures are associated with the left hypochondrium ?
A
- stomach
- spleen
- (kidney) and adrenal gland
- splenic flexure of the colon
5
Q
Which organs and structures are associated to the left lumbar region ?
A
- kidney
- descending colon
- pancreas
- small intestine
6
Q
Which organs and structures are associated to the left iliac region ?
A
- sigmoid colon
- small intestine
7
Q
Which organs and structures are associate do the hypogastric region ?
A
- distancible organs of pelvis
- small intestine
- iliac vessels
- spermatic cords
8
Q
Which organs and structures are associated with the right iliac region ?
A
Cæcum
Appendix
Small intestine
9
Q
Which organs and structures are associated with the right lumbar region ?
A
- kidney
- ascending colon
- small intestine
10
Q
Which organs and structures are associated with the umbilical region ?
A
- transverse colon
- duodenum and pancreas
- small intestine
- abdominal aorta
- inferior veina cava
- iliac vessels
11
Q
List the 4 abdominal quadrants
A
Right upper
Left upper
Left lower
Right lower
12
Q
Which organs and structures are associated with the right upper quadrant ?
A
- liver
- gallbladder
- hepatic flexure of the colon
- transverse colon
- kidney and adrenal gland
- duodenum
- head of pancreas
- small intestine
13
Q
Which organs and structures are associated with the left upper quadrant ?
A
- stomach
- spleen
- pancreas
- kidney and adrenal gland
- splenic flexure of the colon
- transverse colon
- jejunum
14
Q
What are the organs and structures associated with the lower left quadrant ?
A
- descending colon
- sigmoid colon
- small intestine
15
Q
Which organs and structures are associated with right lower quadrant ?
A
- appendix
- cæcum
- ascending colon
- small intestine
16
Q
What are the 2 main groups of the digestive system organs ?
A
- alimentary canal (gastrointestinal tract)
- accessory digestive organs
17
Q
Describe the gastrointestinal tract
A
- continuous muscular digestive tube that winds through the body
- digests food, breaks it in smaller fragments and absorbs the digested fragments through its lining into the blood
- mouth
- pharynx
- esophagus
- stomach
- small intestine
- large intestine
18
Q
Describe the accessory digestive organs
A
The food doens’t go through them :
- teeth
- tongue
- gallbladder
- salivary glands
- liver
- pancreas
19
Q
Describe the mouth and its function
A
Also called oral/buccal cavity
Only part of the gastrointestinal tract involved in natural ingestion
It begins the propulsive process of swallowing
The oral cavity is continuous (posteriorly) with the oropharynx
20
Q
Describe the palate
A
Form the roof of the mouth
Anterior part : hard palate
Posterior part : soft palate
21
Q
What is the function of the hard palate ?
A
Forms a rigid surface against which the tongue forces food during chewing.
22
Q
What is the role of the soft palate ?
A
Mobile fold, formed mostly by skeletal muscles, that rises reflexively (the uvula) to close off the nasopharynx when we swallow.
23
Q
Describe the tongue
A
- occupies the floor of the mouth and fills most of the oral cavity when the mouth is closed
- composed of interlacing bundles of skeletal muscles fibers : intrinsic muscles confined in the tongue and not attached to a bone and extrinsic muscles which extend to the tongue from their point of origin.
24
Q
What is the function of the tongue ?
A
To grip the food and constantly reposition it between the teeth during chewing.
25
What structures secrete saliva ?
Salivary glands
26
What is the role of saliva
Composed of a cleaning enzyme it :
- cleans the mouth
- dissolves food chemicals
- moistens food and helps compacting it into a bonus
- contains enzymes that begin the chemical break down of starchy food
27
Define mastication
Opening and closing our jaws and moving them from side to side while continually using our tongue to move and keep the food between our teeth
28
What is the function of the teeth ?
They tear and grind the food, breaking it down into smaller fragments
29
What are the 3 parts of the pharynx ?
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
30
What is the role of the pharynx
Common passage for food, fluids and air
31
What are the 3 serous sacs located above the diaphragm ?
- the pericardial sac maintaining the heart
| - the 2 pleural sacs containing the lungs
32
Define the peritoneum
The peritoneum is a serous membrane that lines the walls of the abdominal cavity and lies on abdominal and pelvic organs and produce serous / peritoneal fluid
33
Describe the peritoneal cavity
Between the two peritoneal layers called parietal and visceral peritoneum.
Also greater peritoneal sac + lesser peritoneal sac = peritoneal cavity
It’s filled with peritoneal fluid
34
Define the parietal peritoneum
Portion of serous sac in contact with a domino pelvic wall
35
Define visceral peritoneum
Lines intra abdominal organs in intraperitoneal space = serosa .
Invaginates to cover the majority of abdominal visera
36
Define the mesentery (peritoneum)
Parietal peritoneum reflects off posterior abdominal wall as a double membrane. It forms a double layer of peritoneum wrapping around some abdominal organs. It transports vessels and nerves of these invaginated organs.
Mesentery of the small intestine is called the mesentery. We also say transverse mesocolon, sigmoid mesocolon, mesoappendix.
37
Define the lesser omentum (peritoneal sac)
Double layer of peritoneum which attaches to the stomach, duodenum and liver.
It has 2 parts, the hepatoduodenal part and the hepatogastric part.
The hepatoduodenal ligament contains the portal triad : hepatic arteries, bile ducts and hepatic portal veins.
It can also be divided in superior recess bordered by the diaphragm and the coronary ligament of the liver and inferior recess found between the folding layers of the greater omentum.
38
What is the role of the lesser omentum (of peritoneum)
It makes space for the stomach movements and distention after food absorption.
39
Define the greater peritoneal sac
```
Contains 2 compartments : supra colic and infra colic divided by the transverse mesocolon.
The supra colic compartment contains :
The stomach
The liver
The spleen
```
The infra colic compartment contains :
The small intestine
The ascending colon
The descending colon
Both compartments are connected by the parabolic gutters
40
What is an omenta (peritoneum)
Sheets of visceral peritoneum which have fused
| Extends from stomach and duodenum to other organs
41
Define the greater omentum (peritoneum)
It’s an apron like fold of peritoneum
It descends from the greater curvature of the stomach and posterior part of the duodenum and attaches to the anterior surface of the transverse colon.
42
Define the lesser omentum (peritoneum)
Double layer of peritoneum that attaches from the lesser curvature of the stomach and proximal part of the duodenum to the liver.
43
What is the epiploic foremen of Winslow ?
It’s the communication between the greater and lesser peritoneal sacs.
Inferior border : superior part of the duodenum
Superior border : caudate lobe of the liver
Anterior : hepatoduodenal ligament
Posterior : inferior vena cava and the right crus of the diaphragm
44
What is an intreperitoneal organ ?
An organ located inside the peritoneum when :
The organ resides within the peritoneal cavity
The organ is suspended by the mesentery
45
List the intraperitoenal organs
```
SALTD SPRSS
Stomach
Appendix
Liver
Transverse colon
Duodenum (first part)
```
```
Small intestine (jejunum and ilium)
Pancreas (tail)
Rectum (upper third)
Spleen
Sigmoid colon
```
+ gallbladder
46
What is a retro peritoneal organ ?
An organ located “behind the peritoneum” if :
It has peritoneum on its anterior surface only
It is not suspended by mesentery
It lies between the parietal peritoneum and the abdominal wall
47
List the retroperitoneal organs
SAD PUCKERS
```
Supra renal glands
Aorta and inferior vena cava
Duodenum (second to fourth parts)
Pancreas
Ureters
Colon (ascending and descending)
Kidneys
Esophagus
Rectum
```
48
Are intraperitoneal organs in the peritoneal cavity
no
49
Describe the esophagus
It’s a long fibromuscular tube connecting the pharynx with the stomach. Approximately 25 cm long. From C6 to T10/T11
50
What are the 2 sphincters of the esophagus ? What is their function ?
- upper oesophageal sphincter at the junction between the pharynx and the œsophagus
- lower oesophageal sphincter at the junction between the oesophagus and the stomach
They prevent entry of air and reflux of gastric content
51
What are the anatomical relations of the oesophagus at the cervical level ?
Anterior : trachea, thoracic duct, thyroid gland (hyoid bone)
Posterior : vertebral column, longus colli muscle
Lateral : lobes of the thyroid gland
The thyroid gland is the delimitation between the cervical and the thoracic part of the oesophagus
52
What are the anatomical relations of the oesophagus on the thoracic region ?
Anterior : trachea, left recurrent laryngeal nerve, left principal bronchus, pericardium, left atrium
Posterior : bodies of thoracic vertebras, thoracic duct, azygos vein, right posterior intercostal arteries, descending thoracic aorta
Right : right mediastinal pleura, terminal part of the azygos vein
Left : left mediastinal pleura, left subclavian artery, aortic arch, thoracic duct
53
What are the anatomical relations of the esophagus on the abdominal region ?
Anterior : posterior surface of the left lobe of liver
Posterior : left crus of the diaphragm
Left and right : left and right vagus nerve
54
What are the 4 physiological constrictions of the esophagus ?
```
Points were other organs compress the esophagus :
Aorta arch
Bronchus (left main stem)
Cricoid cartilage
Diaphragmatic hiatus
```
55
What is the innervation of the esophagus ?
Esophageal plexus
56
What is the blood supply of the esophagus ?
Esophageal branches of the thoracic aorta, azygos, hemiazygos, accessory hemiazygos veins
57
Describe the stomach
- intraperitoneal organ located between esophagus and duodenum
- j-shaped with a greater and lesser curvature
4 main anatomical divisions :
- cardia
- fundus
- body
- pylorus
58
At what vertebral level can the cardia of stomach be found ?
T11
59
Where does the food go first when arriving in the stomach ?
The fundus
60
What are the anatomical subdivisions of the pylorus (stomach)
Pyloric antrum,
Pyloric canal,
Pyloric sphincter
61
Give some features of the greater curvature of the stomach
- convex
- lateral border of the stomach
- supplied by short gastric arteries and the right and left gastro omental arteries
62
Give some features of the lesser curvature of the stomach
- concave
- shorter than the greater curvature
- gives attachement to the hepatogastric ligament
- supplied by left gastric artery and right gastric branch of the hepatic artery
63
What are the major anatomical relations of the stomach
Anterior : diaphragm, left lobe of the liver, anterior abdominal wall
Posterior : omental bursa (lesser sac of peritoneum), pancreas, left kidney and adrenal gland, spleen, splenic artery
Superior : esophagus and diaphragm
Inferior (and lateral) : transverse mesocolon
64
What is the blood supply of the lesser curvature of the stomach ?
- splenic artery
- hepatic artery
- left and right gastric arteries/ corresponding veins
65
What is the blood supply of the greater curvature of the stomach ?
Left gastro omental artery
Right gastro omental artery
Corresponding veins
66
What is the innervation of the stomach ?
```
Parasympathetic nerve (anterior and posterior vagal trunks)
Sympathetic nerve (T6-T9 spinal cord segment and passes to the celiac plexus via the greater splenic nerve)
```
67
Give some features of the small intestine
Approximately 6.5m
From the pylorus of the stomach to the ileocaecal junction
Composed by the duodenum (retroperitoneal) jejunum and ileum (intraperitoneal)
68
What are the different anatomical parts of the duodenum ?
- superior
- descending
- inferior
- ascending
69
What are the specificities of the superior duodenum
Spinal level L1
| Connected to the liver by the hepatoduodenal ligament
70
What are the specificities of the descending part of the duodenum ?
```
Spinal level L1-L3
Curves around the head of the pancreas
Posterior to the transverse colon
Anterior or the right kidney
Major duodenal papilla
```
71
What is the major duodenal papilla
Found in the descending part of the duodenum, it’s an opening where bile and pancreatic secretions enter the small intestine from the ampulla of Vater
72
What are the features of the inferior part of the duodenum ?
Spinal level L3
Crosses over the inferior vena cava and aorta
Inferior to the pancreas
Posterior to the superior mesanteric artery and vein
73
What are the features of the ascending part of the duodenum ?
Spinal level L3-L2
Curves anteriorly to the jejunum
Duodenojejunum flexure of the small intestine
74
What are the anatomical relations of the duodenum
In curve of duodenum : pancreas
Posterior : abdominal aorta, hepatic portal vein, inferior vena cava, gastroduodenal artery, bile duct, right kidney, ureter and psoas major, L3 vertebra, right gonadal vessels.
Anterior : superior mesenteric artery/ vein, gallbladder, right lobe of liver
75
Where does the jejunum start ?
Duodenojejunal flexure
76
Where does the ileum stop ?
Iliocaecal junction where it invaginates the cæcum to form the ileocaecal valve
77
What are the blood supplies of the duodenum ?
Gastroduodenal artery
Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
Veins drain in the hepatic portal vein
78
what are the blood supplies of the jejunum and ileum ?
Superior mesenteric artery
Anastomoses that form loops called arcades where vasa recta arise
Veinous drainage takes place in the superior mesenteric vein
79
Give some features of the colon (large intestine)
- 1.5m long
| - divided in four parts : ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid
80
Which parts of the colon are intraperitoneal/ retroperitoneal ?
Ascending colon : retroperitoneal
Transverse colon : intraperitoenal
Descending colon : retroperitoneal
81
What is the name of the ligament attaching transverse colon to diaphragm ?
Phrenicolcolic ligament
82
What are the anatomical relationships of the ascending colon ?
Anterior : small intestine, greater omentum, anterior abdominal wall
Posterior : right kidney, illiacus and quadratus lumborum, iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves
83
What are the anatomical relations of the transverse colon ?
Anterior : greater omentum, anterior abdominal wall
| Posterior : duodenum, head of pancreas, ileum and jejunum
84
What are the anatomical relations of the descending colon ?
Anterior : small intestine, greater omentum, anterior abdominal wall
Posterior : left kidney, illiacus and quadratus lumborum
85
What are the anatomical relations of the sigmoid colon ?
Anterior : urinary bladder, uterus and upper vagina
| Posterior : rectum, sacrum, ileum
86
What are the blood supplies of the colon ?
Ascending : superior mesenteric artery, ileocolic artery and right colic artery
Transverse : right middle and left colic arteries
Descending : inferior mesenteric
Sigmoid : sigmoid arteries
87
Describe the rectum
```
Found at the level of S3
12 to 16 cm long divided in 3 parts :
- upper 1/3 : intraperitoneal
- middle 1/3 : retroperitoneal
- lower 1/3 : no peritoneum
```
Terminates into the anal canal
Displays to major flexure :
Sacral flexure
Anorectal flexure
88
What is the name of the final section of the rectum ?
The ampulla
89
What are the 2 types of surfaces found in the liver
- diaphragmantic surface : antero superior
| - visceral surface : postero inferior
90
What are the anatomical relations of the visceral surface of the liver ?
Right kidney, right adrenal gland, right colic flexure, transverse colon, first part of duodenum, gallbladder, esophagus and stomach
91
Name the ligaments of the liver
- falciform ligament
- triangular ligament
- coronary ligament
92
What is the function of the falciform ligament (of liver)
Attaches the anterior surface of the liver to the anterior abdominal wall
Forms the anatomical division between the left and the right lobes
The free edge of this ligament contains the ligamentum teres (round ligament)
93
What is the function of the coronary ligament (liver) ?
Attaches the superior surface of the liver to the inferior surface of the diaphragm
Demarcates the bare area of the liver
Anterior and posterior parts of the coronary ligament unite to form the right and left triangular ligaments on the right and left lobes of the liver
94
Name the lobes of the liver
Left
Right
Quadrate
Caudate
95
Where is located the caudate lobe of the liver
Located on the upper aspect of the visceral surface
| Between the inferior vena cava and a fossa created by the ligamentum venosum
96
Where is locate the quadrate lobe of the liver ?
Located on the lower aspect of the visceral surface
| Between the gallbladder an a fossa created by the ligamentum teres
97
What is the blood supply of the liver ?
Left and right Hepatic arteries
| Hepatic portal vein
98
What is the role of the left and right hepatic arteries ?
Supply the non-parenchymal structures of the liver with arterial blood
Represents 25% of blood supply
99
What is the role of the hepatic portal vein ?
Represents 75% of blood supply
| Supplies partially deoxygenated blood carrying nutrients from the small intestine
100
75% of liver blood is supplied by the hepatic portal vein, where is the blood coming from ?
Splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein (tributaries from portions of small intestine, large intestine, pancreas and stomach).
101
What are the veins linking liver to heart ?
Left and right hepatic veins, inferior veina cava
102
What are the arteries making the line between heart and liver ?
Abdominal aorta
| Proper hepatic artery
103
What are the anatomical relations of the liver ?
Superior : diaphragm
Anterior : ribs (7th to 11th) anterior abdominal wall
Posterior : esophagus, Right kidney and adrenal gland, right colic flexure, lesser omentum, gallbladder and stomach
104
Describe the gallbaldder
Intraperitoenal organ
Lies within a fossa formed between the right and quadrate lobe of the liver
Divided into 3 parts : fundus, body, neck
105
What is the function of the gallbaldder
Concentrate and store bile produced by the liver. It helps digesting fats.
106
Describe the biliary tree
Series of gastrointestinal ducts, allowing newly synthesized bile by the liver to be concentrated and stored.
Different portions :
- common hepatic duct and cystic duct forms the common bile duct
- pancreatic duct links to hepatopancreatic ampulla of vater which empties in the duodenum
107
Describe the spleen
Under cover of the diaphragm and the rib cage
Intraperitoneal organ
Connected to the stomach and kidneys by greater omentum
108
What is the function of the spleen ?
Filter the blood
109
What are the ligaments of the spleen ?
```
Gastrosplenic ligament (spleen to greater curvature of stomach)
Splenorenal ligament (hilium of the spleen to left kidney)
```
110
What are the anatomical relations of the spleen ?
Anterior : stomach
Posterior : diaphragm, left lung, ribs 9-11
Inferior : left colic flexure (splenic flexure)
Medial : left kidney, tail of pancreas
111
Describe the pancreas
```
Intraperitoneal organ except the tail
One of the abdominal glandular organs
Divided into 5 anatomical parts :
- tail
-body
- neck
- head
- uncinate process
```
112
What are the functions of the pancreas ?
Endocrine : involved in the control of glucose blood level
| Exocrine : releasing pancreatic juice
113
What are the anatomical relations of the pancreas ?
Anterior : stomach, 1st part of duodenum, transverse mesocolon
Posterior : common bile duct, spleen, aorta and inferior vena cava, superior mesenteric artery
Lateral right : 2nd part of duodenum, ampulla of Vater
