the digestive system ch 38-40

Question 1

layers of the GI tract (sup to deep)

Answer 1

serosa/adventitia
muscularis
submucosa
mucosa

Question 2

deglutition

Answer 2

swallowing

Question 3

accessory organs include: (6)

Answer 3

teeth
tongue
salivary glands
liver
gallbladder
pancreas

Question 4

how long is the GI tract or alimentary canal?

Answer 4

9m or 30ft

Question 5

catabolism

Answer 5

larger molecules are broken into smaller molecules (mouth, stomach, & duodenum)

Question 6

anabolism

Answer 6

smaller molecules used for building blocks for larger molecules (liver)

Question 7

mastication

Answer 7

chewing

Question 8

peristalsis

Answer 8

CN 10 - Vagus
involuntary movement of muscles in the GI tract that facilitates movement of food

Question 9

5 major peritoneal folds

Answer 9

greater omentum
falciform ligament
lesser omentum
mesentery
mesocolon

Question 10

grater omentum

Answer 10

largest peritoneal fold.
“fatty apron”
too much fat can expand “beer bellies”

Question 11

falciform ligament

Answer 11

attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall & diaphragm

Question 12

lesser omentum

Answer 12

suspends to the stomach and duodenum
forms pathway for blood vessels & has the bile duct

Question 13

mesentery (small intestine) & mesocolon (large intestine)

Answer 13

work together to hold the intestines loosely in place as muscular contractions mix & move contents along the tract

Question 14

3 phases of digestion

Answer 14

cephalic phase
gastric phase
intestinal phase

Question 15

cephalic phase

Answer 15

nerves only
sight, smell, thought, and hearing of food stimulates secretion of gastric juice

Question 16

gastric phase

Answer 16

nervous & hormonal
bolus in stomach secrete gastric juice

Question 17

intestinal phase

Answer 17

mostly hormones
begins when food enters small intestine

Question 18

cheeks, hard/soft palate & tongue form?

Answer 18

the oral or buccal cavity

Question 19

salivary regulation of parasympathetic stimulation …

Answer 19

promote secretion, as well as touch, smell, taste, and psychological factors

Question 20

salivary regulation of the sympathetic stimulation…

Answer 20

decreases saliva secretion

Question 21

oropharynx & laryngopharynx have digestive and ___ functions

Answer 21

respiratory

Question 22

3 stages of deglutition:

Answer 22

voluntary - tongue forces bolus back

pharyngeal - bolus passes into the oropharynx, epiglottis moves to close the glottis

esophageal - bolus enters the esophagus

Question 23

propulsion

Answer 23

only digestive function occurring in the esophagus to move food into stomach

Question 24

this regulates the movement of food from the esophagus into the stomach

Answer 24

lower esophageal sphincters

Question 25

4 region of the stomach

Answer 25

cardia fungus body pylorus

Question 26

rugae

Answer 26

large folds in the mucosa of an empty stomach

Question 27

beginning of the small intestine

Answer 27

the duodenum

Question 28

gastric glands (4)?

Answer 28

mucous neck cell - produces mucus chief cell - secrete protease pepsinogen & gastric lipase parietal cell - produce intrinsic factor & HCI endocrine cell - secrete gastrin hormones into the blood steam

Question 29

gentle, rippling, peristaltic movements that pass over the stomach every 15-25 seconds

Answer 29

mixing waves. the waves macerate food, mix it w secretions of gastric glands & reduce it to a soupy liquid called chyme

Question 30

3 regions of the small intestine

Answer 30

duodenum - 10 in jejunum - 8ft ileum - 12 ft

Question 31

main site for absorption

Answer 31

small intestines, mechanical digestion is a localized mixing contraction called SEGMENTATION

Question 32

multicellular structures barely seen by the naked eye

Answer 32

villi

Question 33

microscopic folds in villi

Answer 33

microvilli, allow for max reabsorptions of nutrients

Question 34

the passage of digested nutrients into the blood or lymph 90% of intestinal absorption occur in the small intesteine

Answer 34

intestinal absorption

Question 35

how long is the large intestine

Answer 35

5 ft

Question 36

4 regions of large intestine

Answer 36

cecum - 2.5 cm colon - ascending, transverse, descending + sigmoid rectum - last 8 in anal canal

Question 37

termination of the rectum

Answer 37

anal canal

Question 38

opening of the anal canal to the exterior

Answer 38

anus

Question 39

about 9 l of fluid enter the small intestine each day

Answer 39

true - 9.2 are reabsorbed - o.1 are excreted in feces

Question 40

defecation reflex

Answer 40

activated by stretch receptors of the rectum - diaphragm, intercostals, & abdominal muscles contract to increase intraabdominal pressure

Question 41

pancreas

Answer 41

secretes enzymes, which digest food in small intestine & hormones (glucagon, insulin & somatostatin & pancreatic polypeptide) - pancreatic lipase, major triglyceride digesting enzyme in adults

Question 42

liver

Answer 42

largest gland in body 2nd largest organ 2 lobes; R is bigger than L divided by falciform ligament

Question 43

repeating functional unites that make up the liver

Answer 43

liver lobules

Question 44

major functional cells of liver

Answer 44

hepatocytes; synthesis, transformation, & storage of proteins, carbs, & fats

Question 45

bile salts

Answer 45

emulsification & absorption of lipids, or else most fat would go undigested & we poop it out

Question 46

major function of the gallbladder

Answer 46

secrete bile salt to breakdown fats

Question 47

common bile duct merges with the ____ ___ to form the ____ ___

Answer 47

pancreatic duct, hepatopancreatic ampulla @ the 2nd part of the duodenum

Question 48

which step of deglutition is under voluntary control?

Answer 48

oral stage

Question 49

which controls the opening of the stomach into the small intestine

Answer 49

pyloric sphincter

Question 50

the movement of lower colon & rectum contents at a rate slower than normal bc?

Answer 50

constipation

Question 51

Each villus in the intestine contains a lymphatic vessel, or _____, that absorbs lipid or fat materials from the chyme.

Answer 51

lacteal

Question 52

the longest portion of the small intestine is the

Answer 52

ileum

Question 53

microvilli can be found in the

Answer 53

small intestine

Question 54

surgical removal of the gallbladder is referred to as

Answer 54

cholecystectomy

Question 55

enzyme pepsin begins the digestion of

Answer 55

protein

Question 56

principle enzyme of saliva is

Answer 56

amylase

Question 57

villi are important modifications of the ___ layer of the small intestine

Answer 57

mucosal

Question 58

hormone to stimulate the gallbladder to release bile is

Answer 58

cholecystokinin

Question 59

Which hormone decreases peristalsis and slows the passage of food from the stomach to the duodenum?

Answer 59

gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

Question 60

which is not a function of the liver?

Answer 60

secretion of insulin

Question 61

the terminal inch of the rectum is called the

Answer 61

anal canal