the end of the cold war 1970-91 Flashcards
(64 cards)
1
Q
what was M.A.D
A
the idea that both sides could physically destroy each other if nuclear war broke out
2
Q
what was detente
A
a period of peace between the two sides
3
Q
what was the policy of detente for both countries
A
- aviod a nuclear war that would result in MAD
- to spend less money on nuclear weaons and more on social issues
- pressure from both sides of european countries
4
Q
when was salt 1
A
may 1972
5
Q
who signed salt 1
A
president nixion
brezhnev
6
Q
what wer ethe consequences and importance of salt 1
A
- anti- ballistic missile treaty - ballistic missile were only allowed in two sides + maxium 100 missilies allowed in each
- interm treaty - restriction on number of long range missiles called ICBMs
- basic principe agreement - laid out where missiles oculd be placed
7
Q
what were the negative consequences of salt 1
A
- if war broke out it was unlikley the sides would stick to what they had signed to on a piece of paper
- both countries still owned enough nuclear weapons to destroy eachother anyway
- didnt include new missile tech
8
Q
what were the positive consequences and importance of salt 1
A
- showed both sides were willing to cooperate
- showed both sides wasnted to reduce risk of war
- ## major symbollic importance - peace
9
Q
when was the helenski accords
A
1975
10
Q
what was the helenski accords
A
- 33 leading countries from NATO and WARSAW met to build on the idea of detente
- announced the 3 main baskets - what they agreed on
- this showed a good realtionship between two sides
11
Q
what was the first basket
A
- european borders
- borders between easta nd west were fromally agreed
- now illgeal for either side to force a change in these borders and invade other sides territory
12
Q
what was the second basket
A
- internation co-operation
- agreement that both sides would work towards a better realtionship
- including trading agreements,exchange of tech, joint space mission
13
Q
what wa sthe third basket
A
- agreed bth sides would repsect human rights of freedom of speech,relgion and movement of people
- soviets were worried that they would be spied to make sure they were keeping up human rights
14
Q
when was SALT 2
A
1979
15
Q
who negotiated salt to
A
president carter
brezhnev
16
Q
what was first agreed in salt 2
A
- further restrictions and limitations on missiles, bombers and the testing of new icbm
17
Q
why did the realtionship and detente fall in the 1970s
A
lack fo trust - many americans believed that the soviets could not keep their agreements
furher communist support - Usa not happy the soviets had given more communist support to other countries around the world
political pressure - americans demanding stronger attack oncommunism
strong image - american workers cpatured by islamics - americans pressuing agressive approch rather than detente to build strong image
18
Q
when was the soviet invasion of afganistan
A
1979
19
Q
what was the turning point in salt 2
A
the soivet invasion of afganistan
20
Q
what were the consequences of the soviet invasion of afganistan
A
- president carter refused to fulley sign SALT 2
- symbolised teh end of detente
21
Q
where is afganistan
A
located just south of the soviet union
22
Q
why were the soviet union worried about afgnaistan
A
- it was being slowly taken over by extreme islamic groups called muslim fundimentallists
- worry as if tehy took over afganistan they might want to invade soviet
- they wnated to stop and muslim influence on teh communist zone
23
Q
why did the soviets invade afganistan
A
government which supported the Soviet Union took control in Afghanistan - Soviet Union pleased as it would stop any Islamic influence.
however - Fundamentalist Muslims took over Afghanistan by force.
24
Q
what were the evnets of the invasion of afganishistan
A
- christmas eve 1979 - soviets invaded
- assinated islamic leader
- muslim fighter were known as the mujahedeen - well trained soilders who knew area well
- pro soviet gov - put in afgan
- soviet troops stayed in afghanistan for 10 years
- cost soviets 8 billion a year
25
how did the usa feel towards why the soviets invaded
US believed they were trying to spread communism
- soviets promised not to do this in the helenski records 1975
26
what was the americans reaction to the soviet invasion of afgnaistan
- carter claimed it was biggest threat to world peace since WW2
- carter withdrew from SALT 2 agreement
- carter no longer followed detente and said he would be more forceful towards soviets
- carters forceful approch became known as the carter doctrine
- carter began sending weapons and money to mujahedeen
27
what was The consequence and importance of the invasion of the relationship between the USA and the Soviets
- meant detene was over
- ronald reagan promised to be more forceful so won election
- refused to sent american athletes to olymics 1980 in moscow
28
when reagan came into pwoer why was it called the seocnd cold war
- such a long time of détente, there was now a change towards being more hostile and aggressive towards the Soviet Union.
- reagans actions worsened realtionship with soviets
29
what did reagan say about soviets in 1983
that they were an evil empire
30
when was regans strateic defence initiative
1983
31
what was the stragetic defence initative
- known as star wars by public
- americans would palce satletiles in orbit
- satellites would carry powerful lasers that would shoot down soviet missiles + stop them from reaching USA
- this broke agreement of 1967 space treaty
- reagan told world this tech was ready - however it wasnt fulley developed
- they also didnt have the money to spend on this
32
what were the consequences of teh strategic defence initative
- soviets believed their missiles were now useless
- soviets relieased how weak their economey was and how they couldnt compete
- usa believed they had won arms race
- soviets had to re think their approach to america - 'gorbachevs new thinking;
33
what did reagan do do military spending
- he increased overall spending on militeary by 13%
- this was a time where he knew soviet economy was struggling
- this made USA look more powerful
34
what did reagan do around new tech
- supported new tech like nuvlear submarines and stealth bombers - coudlnt be detected
35
what was regans doctrine
he said the usa would be willing to help anyone who wnated to fight communism with military and ecoomic means
36
when did gorbachev come into power
1985
37
what problems did gorbachev face when he became president
- huge amount of debt
- so much money was spent on space race and arms race there was little spent of the people
- standard of living was poor
- lack of freedom
- lakc of free speech
38
what was the nuclear disaster and how did it affect soviets
chernobyl power station blew up
- released 100x radiation than the bomb in japan
- humilliation for the soviets - showed they coldnt use nuclear power properally
39
how did gorbachev deal with the polish rebellion
- trade union called solidarity threatend to put polish workers on strike if pay didnt imporve
- the soviets banned solidarity
- send in army strkes
40
what was gorbachevs economic reform called
perestrokia
41
what was perestrokia
- first time undercommunism gorbachev allowed businesses the chance to make profit
- ordinary people were now allowed to buy their own businesses
42
what were the consequences and importance of perestrokia
- encouraged more people to buy businesses
- people felt happier
- encouraged people to demand more freedom
43
what was glasnost
- gorbachev believed there should be more openness and more freedom to speak and to travel
- he would allow for the first time for some opposition groups to run against the communist gov in elections
- the media would be allowed to show more truthful programmes about living in the soviet union
44
what was the importance and consequences of glasnost
- people shown reality of of poor their living conditions were
- media were now able to show the difference between living in the west and the east
- soviet people wnated the freedom to vote so they no longer lived in dictatorship
45
what happened in the withdral from afganistan
Gorbachev wanted to withdraw troops from
Afghanistan after over 10,000 Soviet troops had
died trying to fight the Muslim Mujahadeen
fighters.
46
what is the consequence and importance of teh withdrawl from afganistan
- showed how weak the Soviet
Union were.
- It also proved to the Soviet people that they were
not as powerful as they had thought.
- The number of casualties
showed the weakness of communism.
47
what did gorbachev want to do about spending
Gorbachev wanted to spend less money on
nuclear weapons and space technology.
48
what was the consequence and importance about reducing spending
- The living standards were that low that it led to protests
- Spending less on weapons meant that the Soviet Union looked weak to the rest of the world and its own people.
49
what happened in the end of the brezhnev doctrine
- He believed it was no longer possible to send in
the Warsaw Pact troops to challenge any
rebellions in any Eastern European countries.
- The Breznev Doctrine was set up after the
Prague Spring in 1968 and would now end.
50
what is the consequence and importance of the ending of the brezhnev doctrine
- People in the Soviet Union were no longer under the threat if they did not follow the rules of their
Communst Government.
- gave them the freedom to
challenge communism without fear.
51
What was the American response to Gorbachev?
- tension and agression reduced as Gorbachev promised to reform Communism and not expand the influence of Communism any longer.
- reagan believe dtehre could be an end to the cold war
52
when was the second geneva summit and what happend
- 1985
- gorbachev and reagan met for first time
- no agreements but they had a good working realtionship
53
when was the Reykjavik Summit and what happened
- 1986
- after chernobly which showed how dangerous nuclear power was
- gorbachev keen to reduce number of nuclear weapons if america agreed to stop star war initative
- america did not agree to give up star was
- they ahd a positive realtionship
54
when was the washington summit and what happened
- 1987
- gorb wanted both sides to reduce spendign on military weapons
- both signed a formal agreement called intermediate rnager nuclear force treaty
- both agreed to abolished all land based misisles under 5000km
55
when was the moscow summit and what happened
- 1988
- further agreements were made for treaty
- gorb said he would reduce number of warsaw pact troops
- promised soviets would leave afganistan
56
when was the malta summit and what happened
- 1989
- gorb met with george bush
- both leaders saw this meeting as a sign that the cold war was over
57
when was teh fall of the berlin wall
1989
58
what happened in the fall of the berlin wall
- gorbachev had been encouraged by reagan to tear down the wall
- when east germans travelled through the gate gorb told east berlin military to let it happen
59
what is the consequence and importance of teh fall of the berlin wall
- people of germany were united
- the fall of the berlin wall influenced over communist run countries to rebel
- great emotion and media coverage
- -symbolic end of the iron curtain
60
how did the soviet union and eastern europe break up
- once gorb announced end of brezhnev doctrine - many satellite states began to move away
- gorbs new thinking was a different way to get support for communist gov with fear
61
what countries jained independance in 1989
june - poland
hungry
czech
62
what were the consequences of ending the warsaw pact
- europe was no longer divided
- eastern european countries were offically free to run their own countries
- countries in eastern europe no longer had to follow rules of moscow
- led to gorbachev loss of power - strict communists took him from power
63
when did the soviet union end
1991
64
when did the warsaw pact end
1990
