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The Endocrine Glands Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

Sell turcica (sphenoid bone) in middle cranial fossa
extends from the hypothalamus infundibulum

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2
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

insert diagram

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3
Q

Pituitary gland structure:

A

insert diagram

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4
Q

Pituitary Gland:

A

insert diagram

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5
Q

Infundibulum: Tissue:

A

extension of neural tissue
ends at posterior lobe

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6
Q

Pituitary: Anterior Lobe:

A
  • glandular tissue
  • adrenohypophysis = anterior
  • secretes multiple hormones:
    • Adrenocorticoptrophic (ACTH)
    • TSH
    • LH
    • FSH
    • Prolactin (PRL)
    • Growth hormone
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7
Q

Pituitary: Posterior Lobe:

A
  • neural extension
  • neurohypophysis
  • secretes: ADH, oxytocin
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8
Q

Posterior Pituitary - Neural Connection:

A
  • neural cells site within the infundibulum
  • hormones transported via axons into
    posterior lobe of pituitary
  • hormones are then directly secreted into
    capillary bed in posterior lobe
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9
Q

Posterior Pituitary - Neural Connection:

A

insert diagrams

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10
Q

Anterior Pituitary - Vascular Connection:

A
  • Hormones secreted into the primary
    plexus in the infundibulum
  • travel into via the hypophyseal vein into
    the secondary plexus
  • leave the pituitary gland via the efferent
    hyophyseal veins
  • into the cavernous sinus
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11
Q

Anterior Pituitary - Vascular Connection:

A

insert diagrams

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12
Q

Anterior Pituitary-Vascular Connection: low levels of T3 and T4:

A

insert slide

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13
Q

67 year old male with fat deposits around face, thinning of skin, weight gain, red/purple stretch marks on thighs, stomach and progressive ophthalmoplegia

A
  • Cushing’s
  • visual problems -> pituitary gland
  • enlarged pituitary gland
  • pushing on optic chiasm (upwards)
  • results in bitemporal hemianopia
  • affects ACTH
  • hence adrenal gland issue as well
  • can also affect internal carotid artery in
    cavernous sinue
  • CN3, 4, V1,V2, 6 in cavernous sinus

insert diagram

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14
Q

What lies within the cavernous sinus?

A

insert diagram

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15
Q

What is the most common treatment for pituitary tumours?

A

Surgery, via nasal cavity

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16
Q

Disruption to the following hormones results in?

A

insert slide

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17
Q

Adrenal Glands:

A

insert diagram

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18
Q

Adrenal Cortex: Secretions:

A
  • aldosterone
  • cortisol
  • androgens
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19
Q

Adrenal Medulla: Secretions:

A
  • adrenaline
  • noradrenaline
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20
Q

Because adrenaline and noradrenaline is released via sympathetic system, the adrenal medulla is

A

effectively specialised sympathetic ganglion

preganglionic sympathetic fibers synapse in the medulla instead of the sympathetic chain

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21
Q

What are the three layers of the adrenal cortex?

A

Zona Reticularis
Zone Fasciculata
Zona Glomerulosa

deep to superficial

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22
Q

Which layer of the adrenal cortex secretes androgens?

A
  • testosterone precursor
  • zona reticularis
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23
Q

Which layer of the adrenal cortex secretes glucocorticoids?

A

-> cortisol

  • zona fasciculata
24
Q

Which layer of the adrenal cortex secretes mineralocorticoids?

A

-> aldosterone

Zona Glomerulus

25
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A

insert diagram

26
Q

Adrenal Glands: Location:

A
  • lie on top of fat layer which lies on top of
    kidneys
  • not functionally related
  • right = pyramidal, contact with liver and
    IVC
  • left = crescent shaped, contract with
    spleen, stomach and pancreas
27
Q

Adrenal Glands: Blood Supply:

A

insert diagram

  • superior suprarenal arteries (6-8), arise
    from inferior phrenic from abdo aorta
  • middle suprarenal artery (1/2), arise from
    abdo aorta near superior mesenteric
    artery
  • inferior suprarenal artery (1/2) arising
    directly from renal artery
28
Q

Adrenal Glands: Venous Drainage:

A
  • into large suprarenal vein
  • right drains into the inferior vena cava
  • left drains into the left renal vein and then
    into the inferior vena cava

left gonadal vein drains into left renal vein

insert diagram

29
Q

30yr old male, growth in neck which moves with swallowing

Following a hemithyroidectomy, he suffers from dysphonia for 3 months

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve is likely damaged
supplies vocal cords
causes hoarsness

hyperthyroidism/goitre

mindful: trachea, muscles, recurrent laryngeal nerve, ima thyroid artery, parathyroid glands

30
Q

Thyroid Gland: Surface anatomy:

A
  • thyroid cartilage above cricoid cartilage
  • cricoid cartilage above thyroid gland
31
Q

What muscles overly the thyroid gland?

A

Infra-hyoid muscles:
- thyrohyoid
- sternothyroid
- sternohyoid (superficial)
- omohyoid (superficial)

32
Q

Muscles overlying the thyroid gland

A

insert diagrams

33
Q

Thyroid Gland: Structure:

A
  • C5-T1
  • left and right lobe connected by isthmus
  • pyramidal lobe, embrylogical remnant of
    development in the oral cavity
  • highly vascular
34
Q

Thyroid Gland:

A

insert diagram

35
Q

Thyroid Gland: Arterial Supply:

A
  • superior thyroid artery arises from
    external carotid artery
  • inferior thyroid artery arises from the
    thyrocervical trunk (subclavian)
  • thyroid ima artery arises from
    braciocephalic trunk but variable found in
    1-%
36
Q

Thyroid Gland: Venous Drainage:

A
  • Superior thyroid vein drains into internal
    jugular vein
  • middle thyroid vein drains into internal
    jugular vein
  • internal jugular joins subclavian to form
    braciocephalic trunks which form SVC
  • inferior thyroid vein drains into
    braciocephalic veins
37
Q

Thyroid Gland: Arterial Suppky:

A

insert diagram

38
Q

Thyroid Gland: Venous Drainage:

A

insert diagram

39
Q

Where are parathyroid gland located?

A
  • 4 glands
  • posterior side of thyroid gland
  • share blood supply with the thyroid gland
  • controls Ca2+ in blood
40
Q

Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve:

A
  • vagus nerve runs in carotid sheath
  • recurrent laryngeal branches off the vagus
  • runs posterior to the thyroid gland
  • supplies the vocal cords and intrinsic
    muscles of the larynx
  • left loops under arch of the aorta
  • right loops under the right subclavian
41
Q

Within which compartment does the trachea, oesophagus, thyroid gland and infrahyoid muscles lie in?

A

Pre-tracheal fascia

42
Q

Anatomical division of the pre-tracheal fascia:

A
  • muscular = encloses infrahyoid muscles
  • visceral = thyroid, trachea and oesophagus
    enclosed
43
Q

Pre-tracheal fascia

A

insert diagram

44
Q

58 year old experiences severe pain in the epigastric region of the abdomen, which radiates to the back and is worse upon eating fatty foods. He complains of oily, smelly stools (steatorrhea) and is visibly jaundiced.

A

gallstone in major duodenal papilla
inflammation of pancreas
might result in diabetes too

45
Q

Pancreas Function:

A
  • exocrine: secretion of digestive enzymes
    into the small intestine
  • endocrine: release of insulin and glucagon
    into the bloodstream to determine how
    the body uses food for energy
46
Q

Pancreas: Structure:

A

uncinate process inferior, head, neck, tail (spleen)

duodenum ->head

47
Q

Pancreas:

A

insert diagram

48
Q

Pancreas: Blood Supply:

A
  • develops as two separate parts hence
    blood supply from coeliac trunk and
    superior mesenteric artery
  • coeliac trunk, splenic artery runs along
    superior border, grate pancreatic vessels,
    dorsal pancreatic vessels = upper part of
    tail
  • on the right coeliac trunk, common
    hepatic, gastro-duodenal branch, posterior
    superior pancreaticoduodenal branch
  • superior mesenteric artery, posterior
    inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery,
    anterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal
    artery
  • SMA gives off transverse pancreatic artery
    running along the inferior border of the tail
  • superior and inferior anastamose
  • transverse branches anastomose with
    splenic artery
49
Q

Pancreas: Blood Supply:

A

insert diagram

50
Q

What hormones are secreted by the pancreatic islets?

A
  • glucagon
  • insulin
  • somatostatin
  • pancreatic polypeptid
51
Q

Pancreatic Islets: Cell Types:

A

insert slide

52
Q

Exocrine Structures of the Pancreas:

A

insert diagram

53
Q

Exocrine Structures of the Pancreas:

A

insert diagram

54
Q

Where can gallstones be found?

A
  • gall bladder
  • cystic duct -> blocks bile from gb -> pain
    following meals -> biliary colic
  • common bile duct - blocks bile from gb
    and liver ->billirubin not broken down ->
    accumulates causing jaundice and biliary
    colic
  • common bile and hepatic meeting point ->
    block bile and pancreatic enzymes ->
    biliary colic, jaundice and pancreatitis
55
Q

What is the master endocrine gland?

A

pituitary gland

56
Q

Which sinus are hormones from pituitary released into?

A

cavernous sinus

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