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The Endocrine Glands Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

Sell turcica (sphenoid bone) in middle cranial fossa
extends from the hypothalamus infundibulum

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2
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

insert diagram

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3
Q

Pituitary gland structure:

A

insert diagram

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4
Q

Pituitary Gland:

A

insert diagram

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5
Q

Infundibulum: Tissue:

A

extension of neural tissue
ends at posterior lobe

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6
Q

Pituitary: Anterior Lobe:

A
  • glandular tissue
  • adrenohypophysis = anterior
  • secretes multiple hormones:
    • Adrenocorticoptrophic (ACTH)
    • TSH
    • LH
    • FSH
    • Prolactin (PRL)
    • Growth hormone
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7
Q

Pituitary: Posterior Lobe:

A
  • neural extension
  • neurohypophysis
  • secretes: ADH, oxytocin
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8
Q

Posterior Pituitary - Neural Connection:

A
  • neural cells site within the infundibulum
  • hormones transported via axons into
    posterior lobe of pituitary
  • hormones are then directly secreted into
    capillary bed in posterior lobe
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9
Q

Posterior Pituitary - Neural Connection:

A

insert diagrams

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10
Q

Anterior Pituitary - Vascular Connection:

A
  • Hormones secreted into the primary
    plexus in the infundibulum
  • travel into via the hypophyseal vein into
    the secondary plexus
  • leave the pituitary gland via the efferent
    hyophyseal veins
  • into the cavernous sinus
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11
Q

Anterior Pituitary - Vascular Connection:

A

insert diagrams

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12
Q

Anterior Pituitary-Vascular Connection: low levels of T3 and T4:

A

insert slide

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13
Q

67 year old male with fat deposits around face, thinning of skin, weight gain, red/purple stretch marks on thighs, stomach and progressive ophthalmoplegia

A
  • Cushing’s
  • visual problems -> pituitary gland
  • enlarged pituitary gland
  • pushing on optic chiasm (upwards)
  • results in bitemporal hemianopia
  • affects ACTH
  • hence adrenal gland issue as well
  • can also affect internal carotid artery in
    cavernous sinue
  • CN3, 4, V1,V2, 6 in cavernous sinus

insert diagram

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14
Q

What lies within the cavernous sinus?

A

insert diagram

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15
Q

What is the most common treatment for pituitary tumours?

A

Surgery, via nasal cavity

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16
Q

Disruption to the following hormones results in?

A

insert slide

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17
Q

Adrenal Glands:

A

insert diagram

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18
Q

Adrenal Cortex: Secretions:

A
  • aldosterone
  • cortisol
  • androgens
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19
Q

Adrenal Medulla: Secretions:

A
  • adrenaline
  • noradrenaline
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20
Q

Because adrenaline and noradrenaline is released via sympathetic system, the adrenal medulla is

A

effectively specialised sympathetic ganglion

preganglionic sympathetic fibers synapse in the medulla instead of the sympathetic chain

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21
Q

What are the three layers of the adrenal cortex?

A

Zona Reticularis
Zone Fasciculata
Zona Glomerulosa

deep to superficial

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22
Q

Which layer of the adrenal cortex secretes androgens?

A
  • testosterone precursor
  • zona reticularis
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23
Q

Which layer of the adrenal cortex secretes glucocorticoids?

Study These Flashcards
A

-> cortisol

  • zona fasciculata
24
Q

Which layer of the adrenal cortex secretes mineralocorticoids?

Study These Flashcards
A

-> aldosterone

Zona Glomerulus

25
Adrenal Cortex
insert diagram
26
Adrenal Glands: Location:
- lie on top of fat layer which lies on top of kidneys - not functionally related - right = pyramidal, contact with liver and IVC - left = crescent shaped, contract with spleen, stomach and pancreas
27
Adrenal Glands: Blood Supply:
insert diagram - superior suprarenal arteries (6-8), arise from inferior phrenic from abdo aorta - middle suprarenal artery (1/2), arise from abdo aorta near superior mesenteric artery - inferior suprarenal artery (1/2) arising directly from renal artery
28
Adrenal Glands: Venous Drainage:
- into large suprarenal vein - right drains into the inferior vena cava - left drains into the left renal vein and then into the inferior vena cava left gonadal vein drains into left renal vein insert diagram
29
30yr old male, growth in neck which moves with swallowing Following a hemithyroidectomy, he suffers from dysphonia for 3 months
Recurrent laryngeal nerve is likely damaged supplies vocal cords causes hoarsness hyperthyroidism/goitre mindful: trachea, muscles, recurrent laryngeal nerve, ima thyroid artery, parathyroid glands
30
Thyroid Gland: Surface anatomy:
- thyroid cartilage above cricoid cartilage - cricoid cartilage above thyroid gland
31
What muscles overly the thyroid gland?
Infra-hyoid muscles: - thyrohyoid - sternothyroid - sternohyoid (superficial) - omohyoid (superficial)
32
Muscles overlying the thyroid gland
insert diagrams
33
Thyroid Gland: Structure:
- C5-T1 - left and right lobe connected by isthmus - pyramidal lobe, embrylogical remnant of development in the oral cavity - highly vascular
34
Thyroid Gland:
insert diagram
35
Thyroid Gland: Arterial Supply:
- superior thyroid artery arises from external carotid artery - inferior thyroid artery arises from the thyrocervical trunk (subclavian) - thyroid ima artery arises from braciocephalic trunk but variable found in 1-%
36
Thyroid Gland: Venous Drainage:
- Superior thyroid vein drains into internal jugular vein - middle thyroid vein drains into internal jugular vein - internal jugular joins subclavian to form braciocephalic trunks which form SVC - inferior thyroid vein drains into braciocephalic veins
37
Thyroid Gland: Arterial Suppky:
insert diagram
38
Thyroid Gland: Venous Drainage:
insert diagram
39
Where are parathyroid gland located?
- 4 glands - posterior side of thyroid gland - share blood supply with the thyroid gland - controls Ca2+ in blood
40
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve:
- vagus nerve runs in carotid sheath - recurrent laryngeal branches off the vagus - runs posterior to the thyroid gland - supplies the vocal cords and intrinsic muscles of the larynx - left loops under arch of the aorta - right loops under the right subclavian
41
Within which compartment does the trachea, oesophagus, thyroid gland and infrahyoid muscles lie in?
Pre-tracheal fascia
42
Anatomical division of the pre-tracheal fascia:
- muscular = encloses infrahyoid muscles - visceral = thyroid, trachea and oesophagus enclosed
43
Pre-tracheal fascia
insert diagram
44
58 year old experiences severe pain in the epigastric region of the abdomen, which radiates to the back and is worse upon eating fatty foods. He complains of oily, smelly stools (steatorrhea) and is visibly jaundiced.  
gallstone in major duodenal papilla inflammation of pancreas might result in diabetes too
45
Pancreas Function:
- exocrine: secretion of digestive enzymes into the small intestine - endocrine: release of insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream to determine how the body uses food for energy
46
Pancreas: Structure:
uncinate process inferior, head, neck, tail (spleen) duodenum ->head
47
Pancreas:
insert diagram
48
Pancreas: Blood Supply:
- develops as two separate parts hence blood supply from coeliac trunk and superior mesenteric artery - coeliac trunk, splenic artery runs along superior border, grate pancreatic vessels, dorsal pancreatic vessels = upper part of tail - on the right coeliac trunk, common hepatic, gastro-duodenal branch, posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal branch - superior mesenteric artery, posterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery, anterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery - SMA gives off transverse pancreatic artery running along the inferior border of the tail - superior and inferior anastamose - transverse branches anastomose with splenic artery
49
Pancreas: Blood Supply:
insert diagram
50
What hormones are secreted by the pancreatic islets?
- glucagon - insulin - somatostatin - pancreatic polypeptid
51
Pancreatic Islets: Cell Types:
insert slide
52
Exocrine Structures of the Pancreas:
insert diagram
53
Exocrine Structures of the Pancreas:
insert diagram
54
Where can gallstones be found?
- gall bladder - cystic duct -> blocks bile from gb -> pain following meals -> biliary colic - common bile duct - blocks bile from gb and liver ->billirubin not broken down -> accumulates causing jaundice and biliary colic - common bile and hepatic meeting point -> block bile and pancreatic enzymes -> biliary colic, jaundice and pancreatitis
55
What is the master endocrine gland?
pituitary gland
56
Which sinus are hormones from pituitary released into?
cavernous sinus

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