The Endocrine System

Question 1

how do endocrine communications work?

Answer 1

through the blood stream

hormones

Question 2

what are target cells for the endocrine system?

Answer 2

in other distant tissues and organs

they must have the appropriate receptors

Question 3

what are the derivatives of hormones?

Answer 3

amino acid derivatives
peptide hormones
lipid derivatives

Question 4

what are the derivatives in amino acid?

Answer 4

thyroid hormones
chetacholamines
tryptophan

Question 5

what are the derivatives of lipid?

Answer 5

Eicosanoids

steroid hormones

Question 6

what releases steroid hormones?

Answer 6

reproductive organs: androgens in testes estrogen and progesterone in overies
cortex of the adrenal glands: corticosteroids
kidneys: calcitriol

Question 7

what do steroid hormones bind to? how long do they circulate?

Answer 7

specific transport proteins in the blood

remain in blood circulation longer than peptide hormones

Question 8

what is a pro-hormone? which category of derivatives does it fit into?

Answer 8

inactive precursor molecule converted to active hormones

peptide hormone

Question 9

what is the kinds of hormone ranges within peptides?

Answer 9

short polypeptide chains of amino acids

proteins

Question 10

what is an example of short poipeptide chains of amino acids?

Answer 10

ADH

OXT

Question 11

what is an example proteins within the peptide hormones?

Answer 11

insulin
growth hormone
prolactin

Question 12

what are examples of Glycoproteins? and what gland?

Answer 12

TSH
LH
FSH
Pituitary gland

Question 13

what a re the charicteristics of Glycoproteins?

Answer 13

polypeptides that have a carbohydrate side chain

also function as hormones

Question 14

what does the hypothalamus do? secreates hormones involved with…

Answer 14

secreates homrones…
fluid balance
smooth muscle contractions
control hormone secreations from the anterior pituitary

Question 15

what does the secreations from the pituitary gland do?

Answer 15

regulate endocrine activities of…
adrenal cortex
thyroid gland
reproductive organs

Question 16

what does the secreations of the thyroid gland do?

Answer 16

affect metabolic rate

calcium ions in bodily fluids

Question 17

what do the secreations of the adrenal gland do?

Answer 17

mineral balance
metabolic control
resistance to stress

Question 18

what is secreated by the adrenal gland?

Answer 18

epinephrine/ norepinephrine
cortisol
during sypathetic activation

Question 19

what does the homrones of the pancreas do?

Answer 19

regulating rate of glucose uptake

Question 20

what hormone does the pineal gland secreate?

Answer 20

melatonin

Question 21

what does the hormone from the parathyroid do?

Answer 21

regulate calcium ion levels in body fluids

Question 22

if a lipid/ steroid hormone is trying to pass the membrane, how will it pass through?

Answer 22

fatty- lipid soluble- intracellular receptor

Question 23

if there is the amino acid or peptide hormone how can it get through to a receptor of a cell?

Answer 23

water soluble- connects to a receptor on the membrane

Question 24

what hypothelamitc neurons go into which pituitary gland?

Answer 24

posterior

Question 25

what are the two homrones secreated through the hypothelamic neurons of the posterior pituitary gland?

Answer 25

OXT | ADH

Question 26

what kind of hormones are used in the anterior pituitary gland?

Answer 26

regulatory hormones

Question 27

what specific glands are associated with the anterior pituitary gland?

Answer 27

thyroid gland adrenal gland reproductive organs

Question 28

what gland and section of the gland is directly effected from the hypothalamus?

Answer 28

the adrenal gland- adrenal medulla

Question 29

what does the hypothalomatic hyperphisial portal system do?

Answer 29

transports nuronal and endocrine signals through the portal system to the pituitary gland

Question 30

What hormones are secreated by the thyroid gland?

Answer 30

Thyroid stimulating homrone TSH | thyrotropin releasing hormone TRH

Question 31

what homrones are released by the Adrenal gland?

Answer 31

adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH | corticotropin releasing hormone CRH

Question 32

ACTH stimulates release of…

Answer 32

steroid hormones | by the adrenal cortex

Question 33

what is the target cells for ACTH?

Answer 33

glucose metabolism

Question 34

what do the growth homrones promote?

Answer 34

accelerated growth of the skeletal muscle cells and the condocytes

Question 35

what hormones are secreated from the GH?

Answer 35

Growth hormones -releasing hormone: GH-RH | growth hormone- inhibiting hormone: GH-IH

Question 36

what is the function of ADH?

Answer 36

increases blood solute in concentration | decrease blood volume and blood pressure

Question 37

where is the thyroid gland found?

Answer 37

the neck

Question 38

when the thyroid is disable through the skin….

Answer 38

something is wrong

Question 39

what is the connecting section between the two lobes of the thyroid called?

Answer 39

the isthmus

Question 40

what are the physical charicteristics of the cellular level of the the thyroid gland?

Answer 40

thyroid follicles

Question 41

what kind of cells are lining the thyroid follicules?

Answer 41

simple cuboidal epethilium

Question 42

what do the follicle cells synthesise?

Answer 42

globular protein called thyroglobulin

Question 43

what molecules do thyroglobulin contain?

Answer 43

amino acid tyrosine building blocks of the thyroid hormones

Question 44

how are iodid ions absorbed?

Answer 44

through the diet

Question 45

how is iodid ions delivered?

Answer 45

through the blood stream

Question 46

where are TSH carrier proteins found

Answer 46

in the basement membrane of the follicle cell

Question 47

what do the TSH carrier proteins in the basement membrane of the follicle do?

Answer 47

they transport iodid ions into the cytoplasm

Question 48

where do iodide ions diffuse?

Answer 48

the apical surface of the follicle cell

Question 49

what happens to to the iodid molecule at the apical surface of the follicle cell?

Answer 49

it losses an electron and becomes a iodine atom | by the enzyme thyroid oxadase

Question 50

the reaction thyroid oxidase includes the addition of…

Answer 50

two iodine atoms to the tyrosine portions of the thyroglobulin molecule within the follicule cavity

Question 51

when tyrosine molecules become attached with iodine atoms the become the forming molecules of the…

Answer 51

thyroid hormone

Question 52

where do the beginnings of the thyroid homrone stay?

Answer 52

in the thyroglobulin

Question 53

what are the two thyroid hormones? why are they named like this?

Answer 53

T3= continues 3 iodide ions | T4 =contains 4 iodide ions

Question 54

what does the follical do by the end of endocytosis?

Answer 54

removes the thyroglobulin

Question 55

what breaks down thyroglobulin?

Answer 55

lysosomal enzymes

Question 56

when the thyroglobulin breaks down what happens?

Answer 56

there is a release of amino acids and thyroid hormones into the cytoplasm

Question 57

what happens to the excess amino acids for further production of…

Answer 57

excess amino acids are recycled and used to synethsis more thyroglobulin

Question 58

what happens at the end of production of T3 and T4?

Answer 58

it diffuses through the basement membrane into the blood stream

Question 59

what is 90% of the thyroid secreations?

Answer 59

T3 T4

Question 60

what has higher secreations T3 or T4?

Answer 60

T4

Question 61

what has higher metabolic rate T3 or T4?

Answer 61

T3 also released at slower rate