The Endocrine System Flashcards
1
Q
Hormones (3)
A
- are chemicals secreted into the bloodstream
- slow but signals are long lasting
- bond to the receptors on target cells
2
Q
Endocrine glands
A
- are ductless glands that secrete hormones into the spaces between cells, and from those spaces these chemical messengers diffuse into the bloodstream
3
Q
Exocrine glands
Ex. (4)
A
- have ducts and they excrete the substances that they produce
- ex salivary glands, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and mammary glands
4
Q
Hypersecretion
A
- the secretion of too much of one or more hormones
5
Q
Hyposecretion
A
- the secretion of too little of one or more hormones
- Ex. Diabetes Mellitus
6
Q
Pituitary Gland
A
- Is located within the brain, composed of endocrine and nervous tissue
7
Q
Adernohypophysis is composed of ______ tissue
A
- endocrine tissue
8
Q
Neurohypophysis
A
- portion composed of nervous tissue
9
Q
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
A
- makes the adrenal cortex increase in size and excrete more cortisol.
10
Q
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
A
- stimulates ovulation in females, stimulates testosterone production in the testes of males
11
Q
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
A
- stimulates the production of thyroid hormones
12
Q
Growth hormone (GH) (hyper/hypo)
A
- stimulates the development of tissue proteins and the breakdown of fats
- Hypersecretion during development can cause the condition gigantism which involves the growth to a “gigantic” size
- Hyposecretion can lead to dwarfism, which involves the growth to a smaller-than-normal size
13
Q
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
A
- promotes the development of ova in females and production of sperm in males
14
Q
Prolactin (PRL)
A
- stimulates breast development and milk secretion
- Hyposecretion of ADH can cause diabetes insipidus, which involves an acutely-elevated production of urine
15
Q
Oxytocin (OT)
A
- plays a role in social bonding, milk letdown, and labour
16
Q
Hypothalamus
A
- Antidiuretic hormone (AHD) and Oxytocin (OT), are produced, and are released by the pituitary gland
17
Q
Thyroid Gland (location and Hormones)
A
- located between the larynx and trachea
- produces 2 thyroid hormones; (Triiodothyronine and Thyroxine) and a third hormone called Calcitonin (CT)
18
Q
Function of Thyroid Hormones (3)
A
- influence cellular metabolism; by speeding up the release of energy from nutrients
- for normal day-to-day function
- growth and development
19
Q
Hyperthyroidism / Graves Disease
A
- too much energy released which results in being restless, nervous, irritable and weight loss
- an inherited autoimmune condition involving hyperthyroidism; It can result in bulging eyes
20
Q
Hypothyroidism / Goiter
A
- inadequate availability of thyroid hormones
- an enlargement of the thyroid gland, as it attempts to increase its ability to secrete hormones.
- It’s due to an iodine deficiency
21
Q
Cretinism
A
- a developmental condition affecting mental and sexual development due to hyposecretion of thyroid hormones early in life
22
Q
Myxedeme
A
- decreased physical and mental capacity, weight gain, skin and hair changes - occur later in life
23
Q
Calcitonin
A
- prevents the build-up of calcium in the blood
- prevents hypercalcemia - an excess of calcium in the blood
24
Q
Parathyroid Glands Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
A
- excrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)
- PTH increases blood calcium levels by promoting the breakdown of bone tissue
25
Adrenal Glands (location + structure)
- Sits atop the kidneys
| - it’s divided into 2 discrete endocrine glands; the Adrenal Cortex and the Adrenal Medulla
26
Adrenal Cortex secretes what 3 hormones?
- mineralocorticoids
- glucocorticoids
- sex hormones
27
Mineralocorticoids
- the main mineralocorticoid is called aldosterone
| - influences the sodium-potassium balance by promoting the reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium
28
Glucocorticoids
- The main glucocorticoid is cortisol
29
Sex Hormones
- secretes male hormones called androgens which is similar to testosterone
- In females, androgens influence the sex drive
30
Adrenal Medulla
- produces epinephrine (as a drug, it's called adrenalin and norepinephrine (noradrenaline).
- they're produced as part of our fight/flight response (increase blood pressure and glucose levels)
31
Pancreatic Islets
- are tiny glands (small clusters of cells) scattered about the pancreas
- produce Alpha and Beta cells
- Glucagon and insulin both play a role in maintaining blood glucose levels, but have opposite (that is, antagonistic) effects
32
Alpha Cells
- produce the hormone Glucagon
| - Glucagon converts Glycogen, a substance stored in the liver, into glucose. This increases blood glucose levels
33
Beta Cells
- produce the hormone insulin
| - Insulin moves blood glucose into cells, promoting its metabolism
34
Type 1 Diabetes
- pancreatic islets hyposecrete insulin so less blood glucose moves into the cells
- due to insufficient production of insulin
35
Type 2 Diabetes
- there is adequate insulin, but the receptors upon which the hormone acts are impaired
- due to target cell insensitivity to insulin.
36
Pineal Gland "Third Eye" / Melatonin
- its activity responds to sensory information related to cycles of light and dark
- Produces melatonin, for the importance of the regulation of sleep, influences menstruation and onset of puberty
37
Hyper/Hypo Melatonin
- Hyper = can make you feel groggy and cause difficulty waking up in the morning (seasonal affective disorder)
- Hypo = can be the root cause of some cases of insomnia
38
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
- against the creation of urine, so it plays an important role in fluid balance
39
Cortisol
- influences blood glucose, blood pressure levels, and it has anti-inflammatory effect
40
Aldosterone
- affects the sodium-potassium balance
41
Insulin
- reduces blood glucose levels by moving glucose into cells
42
Hypercalcemia
- due to a build-up of calcium in the blood
