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Histo III > The Endocrine System: Adrenal Gland > Flashcards

The Endocrine System: Adrenal Gland Flashcards

1
Q

Adrenal Gland Anatomy

A

Rest on the superior aspect of each kidney
Surrounded by adipose
Has neural and glandular components

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2
Q

Adrenal Gland

What is the structure of the adrenal gland?

A

Two concentric layers
* Medulla (neural crest) - post ganglion neurons, chromaffin cells
* Cortex (mesodermal) - steroid-hormone producing cells, 3 layers - contains a lot of sinisoids

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3
Q

Where are Adrenal Hormones released?

A

Released into nearby blood vessels
Steroid hormones in the cortex
Peptide hormones (catecholamines) in the medulla (release induced by nerve signal)

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4
Q

Adrenal Medulla: Neural

The adrenal medulla is derived from _ and innervated by _.

A

neural tissue
sympathetic ganglion cells

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5
Q

Adrenal Medulla: Neural

The adrenal medulla contains _ and produces _.

A

Chromaffin cells (secretory cells)
Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine

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6
Q

Adrenal Medulla: Neural

How is the adrenomedullary vein unique from other veins in the body?

A

It has longitudinal smooth muscle instead of circular smooth muscle

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7
Q

Adrenal Medulla: Neural

Why does the adrenomedulalry vein have different smooth muscle from other veins?

A

It allows the vein to squeeze and force blood out quickly

This is why you can get sudden spikes of adrenaline

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8
Q

Adrenal Medulla: Neural

Chromaffin cells

A

Two populations:
* one makes norepinephrine
* the other makes epinephrine

Store hormone in granules

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9
Q

Adrenal Medulla: Neural

Catecholamine Synthesis

A

Tyrosine (aa) → Dopamine (neurotransmitter) → norepinephrine → epinephrine

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10
Q

Adrenal Medulla: Neural

What are some of the metabolic effects of epinephrine release?

A
  • Vasoconstriction of smooth muscle
  • Increased BP ( due to vasoconstriction or renin release)
  • Altered HR
  • Elevated blood glucose (↑glucagon)
  • ↑insulin
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11
Q

Adrenal Medulla: Neural

Pheochromocytoma

A

Rare tumor of the chromaffin cells that increases adrenaline production

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12
Q

Adrenal Medulla: Neural

The adrenomedulalry vein drains directly into the _ on the right side or the _ on the left side

A

Inferior vena cava
left renal vein

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13
Q

Adrenal Medulla: Neural

What supplies the adrenomedullary vein?

A

sinusoids from the cortex and medulla

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14
Q

Adrenal Medulla: Neural

All hormones exit the adrenal gland through _.

A

Adrenomedullary vein

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15
Q

Adrenal Cortex: Glandular

What is the organization of the adrenal cortex?

A

3 Zones:
* Zona glomerulosa - cells are organized in ball like structures
* Zona fasciculata - cells are organized in plates
* Zona reticularis - not well organized, meshwork

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16
Q

Adrenal Cortex

Spongiocytes

A

Have alot of lipid
Store a lot of cholesterol to make cortisol

17
Q

Adrenal Cortex

Zona glomerulosa

A

Produce mineralocorticoids - primarily aldosterone
Under Ang II control
Cells are organized in ball like structures

18
Q

Adrenal Cortex

Zona fasiculata

A

Produce glucocorticoids - primarily cortisol (stress hormone)
Under ACTH control
Cells are organized in plates

19
Q

Adrenal Cortex

Zona reticularis

A

Produces cortisol and weak androgen DHEA (converted to testosterone)
Under ACTH control
Not well organized, meshwork

20
Q

Adrenal Cortex

Steroid Hormone Synthesis

A

Cholesterol → progesterone → cortisol (ZF/ZR)
Cholesterol → progesterone → aldosterone (ZG)
Cholesterol → progesterone → weak androgens (ZR)

21
Q

Adrenal Cortex

Why are different hormones produced from cholesterol?

A

Cells contain different enzymes/proteins result in the production of different hormones
I.E. ZG can’t synthesize cortisol because it doesn’t have the CYP17 enzyme but ZF can because it does have the CYP17

22
Q

Adrenal Cortex

What is the function of aldosterone?

Steroid Hormone

A

Regulation of extracellular fluid volume
* increased sodium transport reduces water excretion

Control of potassium homeostasis
* reduced sodium excretion increases potassium excretion

23
Q

Adrenal Cortex

How does aldosterone function?

A

Binds to mineralocorticoid receptor in cytoplasm
Acts through aldosterone-regulated kinase to effect activity of sodium channels

24
Q

Adrenal Cortex

What is the function of Cortisol?

The stress hormone

A

Promotes gluconeogenesis
Promotes glycogen formation in the liver
Induces fat mobilization in adipose tissue
Induces protein degredation in muscle
Suppresses the immune system
* cytokine production decreases
* lymphopoiesis is reduced

25
Q

Adrenal Cortex

How do hormones exit the adrenal cortex?

A

Blood vessels that bring nurtients in, bring hormones out

Histo III (8 decks)

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