The Reproductive System: Gametogenesis: Ova

Question 1

Gametes are produced in the _.

Answer 1

Ovaries

Question 2

Fertilization occurs in the _.

Answer 2

Oviduct

Question 3

Implantation takes place in the _.

Answer 3

Uterus

Question 4

What is critical to the female reproductive tract?

Answer 4

Hormonal control

Question 5

In oogenesis, the first meiotic division occurs in the _.

Answer 5

Ovary

Question 6

In oogenesis, the second meiotic division occurs in the _.

Answer 6

oviduct

Question 7

What happens during the second meiotic division of oogenesis?

Answer 7

Metapase arrest (prior to ovulation)

Question 8

Meiosis does not complete unless…

Answer 8

The oocyte is fertilized

Question 9

Oogenesis starts during _ and is halted until _.

Answer 9

embryonic development
puberty

Question 10

How does the oocyte get into the fallopian tube (oviduct)?

Answer 10

The oviduct extends finger like processes with cilia that bind to the corona radiata on the follicle and helps bring the oocyte into the oviduct

Question 11

Germinal Epithelium

Answer 11

Simple cuboidal outer layer

Question 12

Why don’t oogonia need protection from the immune system like spermatogonia?

Answer 12

Oogonia are present during development

Question 13

What happens to oogonia during fetal development?

Answer 13

Mitosis increases number of future oocytes
Most do not develop fully (atresia) - apoptosis surrounding cells

Question 14

True or false: 80% of oocytes are destroyed before birth.

Answer 14

True

Question 15

At birth, ovaries contain _ to _ primary oocytes.

Answer 15

600,000 to 800,000

Question 16

What happens to oocytes during the first meiotic division?

Answer 16

They are arrested in prophase

Question 17

Why do females have a finite number of oocytes?

Answer 17

Oognia do not continue to build oocytes after birth

Question 18

What is the basic structure of a follicle?

Answer 18

Oocyte at the center
Zona Pellucida (very eosinophillic layer of glycoproteins)
Granulosa cells - supporting cells

Question 19

The developing female gamete is known as the …

Answer 19

Oocyte

Question 20

The mature female gamete is known as the…

Answer 20

Ovum (Ova)

Question 21

Histologically describe the oocyte.

Answer 21

Very large cell containing large amounts of subceullar organelles
Project irregular microvilli into perivitelline space
Granulosa cells extend processes into same space

Question 22

What is the perivitelline space?

Answer 22

Between the oocyte and the granulosa cells
where zona pellucida will form

Question 23

What is the difference between the female gamete and male gamete?

Answer 23

The male gamete is mostly nucleus with some mictochondria for control of the flagellum

The female gamete is a very large cell containing large amounts of subcellular organelles with irregular microvilli

Question 24

_ form the cumulus oophorus in the secondary follicle.

Answer 24

Granulosa Cells

Question 25

What is the function of granulosa cells?

Answer 25

Support the oocyte

Question 26

Cornoa Radiata

Answer 26

Layer of cells that surrounds the oocyte after release (ovulation)

Question 27

How do granulosa cells communicate with the oocyte?

Answer 27

Microvilli penetrate the zona pellucida and contact the oocyte microvilli - communicate through gap junctions

Question 28

General stages of follicular development

Answer 28

1. Primordial 2. Primary follicle 3. Secondary Follicle 4. Graafian Follicle 5. Release

Question 29

What are primordial follicles?

Answer 29

Before birth simple squamous oocyte is immediately surrounded by squamous cells every month some primordial follicles are activated and grow into primary follicles

Question 30

What is the difference between the two types of primary follicles?

Answer 30

Early - simple cuboidal Late - stratified cuboidal

Question 31

What indicates a secondary follicle?

Answer 31

Antrum (space in granulosa cells) Outer layers (theca) are visible Multilayered

Question 32

What are the layers of a secondary follicle?

Answer 32

Granulosa Cells Basement Membrane Theca Interna Theca Externa

Question 33

Histologically describe a mature secondary follicle

Answer 33

Oocyte surrounded by zona pellucida and cumulus oophorus Antrum filled with fluid and Oocyte Maturation Inhibitor (OMI)

Question 34

Cumulus Oophorus

Answer 34

Stalk of granulosa cells the follicle structure sits on

Question 35

Oocyte growth is dependent on...

Answer 35

FSH Ca2+ GH

Question 36

Where are thecal cells located?

Answer 36

Surround follicle above granulosa

Question 37

Theca Interna

Answer 37

Hormone producing cells produce estrogen precursors in response to LH

Question 38

Theca Externa

Answer 38

Outer layer of CT and smooth muscle

Question 39

Where is a graafian follicle located? What does it look like?

Answer 39

Closer to the outside of the ovary Large antrum Stratum Granulosa

Question 40

What are polar bodies? Where are they found?

Answer 40

Daughter cells of oocytes undergoing meiosis Visible next to oocyte inside zona pellucida

Question 41

What happens to polar bodies?

Answer 41

They receive full complement of chromosomes but minimal cytoplasm Eventually undergo apoptosis

Question 42

What causes oocyte release?

Answer 42

Increased V/P follicular fluid → increased pressure Plasmin protelolysis of follicular wall GAGs deposition in cumulus oophorus to seperate it Smooth muscle contraction in the theca externa Wall ruptures → oocyte flows out

Question 43

# Fill in the Follicular Cell and Theca Folliculi information Primordial

Answer 43

Follicular Cells: Single layer, squamous Theca Folliculi: Not present

Question 44

# Fill in the Follicular Cell and Theca Folliculi information Unilaminar primary (early primary)

Answer 44

Follicular Cells: Single layer, cuboidal Theca Folliculi: Not present

Question 45

# Fill in the Follicular Cell and Theca Folliculi information Multilaminar primary (late primary)

Answer 45

Follicular Cells: Several layers, cuboidal Theca Folliculi: Present

Question 46

# Fill in the Follicular Cell and Theca Folliculi information Secondary

Answer 46

Follicular Cells: Several layers, cuboidal w/ follicular fluid in extracellular spaces Theca Folliculi: Present

Question 47

# Fill in the Follicular Cell and Theca Folliculi information Graafian

Answer 47

Follicular Cells: Membrana granulosa; cumulus oophorus; coronoa radiata; atrum filled with liquor folliuli Theca Folliculi: Present

Question 49

# Fill in the Follicular Cell and Theca Folliculi information Dominant Graafian

Answer 49

Follicular Cells: Membrana granulosa; cumulus oophorus; coronoa radiata; atrum filled with liquor folliuli Theca Folliculi: Present

Question 50

The Pituitary Gland ## Footnote `

Answer 50

Receives signals from the CNS Sends signals to other endocrine glands and organs

Question 51

What hormones does the pituitary send to the reproductive systems in both males and females?

Answer 51

LH and FSH

Question 52

What do LH and FSH do in the testes?

Answer 52

LH → androgen secretion FSH →Spermatogenesis

Question 53

What do LH and FSH do in the ovaries?

Answer 53

LH → ovulation FSH → follicular development; estrogen secretion

Question 54

FSH

Answer 54

stimulates follicular development in the ovary and spermatogenesis in the testis ## Footnote Released from basophils

Question 55

LH

Answer 55

Regulates final maturation of ovarian follicle, ovulation, and corpus luteum formation; in males, essential for maintenance of androgen secretion by the leydig cells of the testis ## Footnote Secreted by basophils

Question 56

Male Hormones: testosterone

Answer 56

Secondary Sex characteristics Reproductive System Metabolic functions (growth, kidney) Behavior (including libido)

Question 57

Where is testosterone made?

Answer 57

Leydig cells

Question 58

What triggers ovulation?

Answer 58

Surge of LH

Question 59

# Female Hormones Hormonal levels change over the course of a _ day cycle.

Answer 59

28

Question 60

What functions can changes in hormonal levels affect?

Answer 60

Oocyte release by ovaries Uterine wall changes

Question 61

What is different about cycles of other animals?

Answer 61

Estrus (compare to the luteal phase) Usually seasonal Controlled by melatonin and the pineal gland

Question 62

What are the female hormones?

Answer 62

Estrogen and Progesterone

Question 63

What is the male hormone?

Answer 63

Testosterone

Question 64

Estrogen and Progesterone

Answer 64

Secondary sex characteristics Reproductive system Lactation