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BIOL*1090 > The Endomembrane System > Flashcards

The Endomembrane System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the endomembrane system?

A

A series of interconnected, membrane-bound compartments in eukaryotic cells

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2
Q

What helps determine the properties and maintain distinct identities of the compartments within the cell?

A

The lipids and proteins present in their membranes

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3
Q

In plants, what allows the endomembrane system to be continuous between cells?

A

Plasmodesmata

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4
Q

T or F: Extensive internal membranes are not common in prokaryotic cells.

A

True

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5
Q

How can green fluorescent protein (GFP) be used to track cell components?

A

By fusing the GFP with cellular proteins and observing them under a microscope

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6
Q

What is a vesicle?

A

A small membrane-enclosed sac that transports substances within the cell or between the cell interior and exterior

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7
Q

How do vesicles transport material?

A

By budding off of an organelle and taking a piece of its membrane and contents, then fusing with another organelle or plasma membrane and unloading their contents

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8
Q

What is the main difference between exocytosis and endocytosis?

A
  • Exocytosis: Uses vesicles to transport material out of the cell
  • Endocytosis: Uses vesicles to transport material into the cell
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9
Q

How does a vesicle move?

A

Using the cytoskeleton and motor proteins

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10
Q

What type of proteins are used to bring the membranes of the vesicle and target compartment close enough so they can fuse?

A

SNARE proteins

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11
Q

During vesicle trafficking, what does the energy from SNARE assembly provide energy for?

A

Fusion of the vesicle with the target membrane

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12
Q

What are the two types of SNARE proteins?

A
  • v-SNARE proteins
  • t-SNARE proteins
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13
Q

Which type of SNARE protein is incorporated into the vesicle membrane during assembly of the vesicle coat?

A

v-SNARE proteins

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14
Q

Which type of SNARE protein is responsible for the eventual fusion of a vesicle with the target membrane?

A

v-SNARE proteins

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15
Q

Which type of SNARE protein is incorporated into the target membrane?

A

t-SNARE proteins

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16
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

An organelle composed of a network of membranes

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17
Q

T or F: The endoplasmic reticulum is not continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope.

A

False

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18
Q

What is the lumen?

A

The continuous interior of the endoplasmic reticulum

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19
Q

What is the main difference between the smooth ER and the rough ER?

A
  • Smooth ER: Does not contain ribosomes
  • Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes
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20
Q

Which endoplasmic reticulum is largely responsible for lipid synthesis?

A

The smooth ER

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21
Q

Which endoplasmic reticulum is largely responsible for the production of steroid hormones?

A

The smooth ER

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22
Q

Which endoplasmic reticulum is largely responsible for detoxification?

A

The smooth ER

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23
Q

Which endoplasmic reticulum is largely responsible for the sequestration/storage of calcium?

A

The smooth ER

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24
Q

Why is calcium excluded from the cytosol?

A

Because it binds water together loosely and precipitates phosphates which will make proteins insoluble

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25
Q

Which endoplasmic reticulum is largely responsible for the synthesis of membrane phospholipids?

A

The rough ER

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26
Q

Which endoplasmic reticulum is largely responsible for the glycosylation of membrane proteins?

A

The rough ER

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27
Q

Which endoplasmic reticulum is largely responsible for protein folding/quality control?

A

The rough ER

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28
Q

Which endoplasmic reticulum is largely responsible for protein synthesis, modification, and transport?

A

The rough ER

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29
Q

Which organelle is the major site of protein synthesis?

A

Ribosomes

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30
Q

Which organelle modifies proteins and lipids produced by the ER and acts as a sorting station as they move to their final destinations?

A

The golgi apparatus/complex

31
Q

Is the golgi apparatus continuous with the ER?

A

No

32
Q

What are the three primary roles of the golgi apparatus?

A
  • Further modify proteins and lipids produced by the ER
  • Sort proteins and lipids as they move to their final destinations
  • Act as the site of synthesis for most of the cell’s carbohydrates
33
Q

What are cisternae?

A

The series of flattened membrane sacs that make up the golgi apparatus

34
Q

T or F: Each cisterna is biochemically unique?

A

True

35
Q

Why are modifications by the golgi performed in a sequence of steps, each in a different region of the golgi?

A

Because each region contains a different set of enzymes that catalyses specific reactions

36
Q

What are three of the chemically distinct regions of the Golgi complex?

A
  • Cis-golgi network(CGN)
  • Medial-gogli
  • Trans-golgi network (TGN)
37
Q

Which region of the golgi complex is the most proximally located?

A

The cis-golgi network

38
Q

Which region of the golgi complex acts as a sorting station?

A

The cis-golgi network

39
Q

Which region of the golgi complex if the most distally located?

A

The trans-golgi network

40
Q

Which region of the golgi complex receives fully processed proteins and sorts them into different types of vesicles?

A

The trans-golgi network

41
Q

In which direction does traffic usually travel through the golgi apparatus?

A

Proximal to distal

42
Q

In a cell, is the ER proximal or distal?

A

Proximal

43
Q

In a cell, is the plasma membrane proximal or distal?

A

Distal

43
Q

Why is it important for a small amount of traffic to be able to move from the golgi to the ER (reverse pathway)?

A

Important to retrieve proteins in the ER or golgi that were accidentally moved forward and to recycle membrane components

44
Q

The transfer of vesicles from the ER to golgi and between golgi subcomponents is achieved by what type of proteins?

A

Coat proteins

45
Q

What are the two functions of coat proteins?

A
  • Helps form the vesicle
  • Helps select the “cargo” going in or on the vesicle
46
Q

Where do COP I and COP II assemble?

A

On the cytosolic surface of donor compartment membranes where budding takes place

47
Q

In what direction does COP I direct movement?

A

Retrograde

48
Q

In what direction does COP II direct movement?

A

Anterograde

49
Q

What pathway do vesicles follow when moving in a retrograde direction?

A

From golgi to ER

50
Q

What pathway do vesicles follow when moving in an anterograde direction?

A

From ER to golgi

51
Q

Where do AP/clathrin-coated vesicles transport cargo?

A

From the trans-golgi network to other vesicles

52
Q

What is glycosylation?

A

The process in which sugars are covalently linked to lipids or specific amino acids of proteins, forming glycoproteins

53
Q

Where does glycosylation occur?

A

The golgi apparatus

54
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Digestive organelles

55
Q

Where are lysosomes derived from?

A

The golgi apparatus

56
Q

Which organelle contains enzymes able to break down macromolecules?

A

Lysosomes

57
Q

What is the lysosomal membrane composed of?

A

Glycosylated proteins

58
Q

Where are the enzymes inside lysosomes synthesized?

A

In the rough ER

59
Q

What mechanism is responsible for maintaining the internal environment of lysosomes at an optimal pH?

A

Proton pumps embedded in the lysosomal membranes

60
Q

What are the two primary function of lysosomes?

A
  • Autophagy
  • Degradation of internalized material
61
Q

What is autophagy?

A

The process involving the decomposition of intracellular components via lysosomes

62
Q

Which function of lysosomes plays an important role in maintaining and regulating cell homeostasis?

A

Autophagy

63
Q

What are the four phases of the autophagic pathway?

A
  • Initiation/autophagosome formation
  • Lysosome recruitment
  • Autolysosome formation
  • Digestion and release
64
Q

During autophagy, what is formed when an isolation membrane from the ER engulfs target organelles?

A

An autophagosome

65
Q

During autophagy, what is formed when a lysosome fuses with the ER-derived autophagic vesicle?

A

An autolysosome

66
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

The process in which phagocytic cells destroy pathogens like bacteria and viruses

67
Q

What occurs during phagocytosis?

A
  • The pathogen is internalized by a phagocytic cell and is degraded by the lysosomes that associate with the pathogen containing vesicle
  • debris is released outside the cell
68
Q

What is the plant equivalent to a lysosome?

A

Vacuoles

69
Q

What are the three primary functions of plant vacuoles?

A
  • Intracellular digestion
  • Mechanical support via turgor pressure
  • Storage
70
Q

In what form do vacuoles store amino acids, sugars, and CO2?

A

In the form of malate

71
Q

What is the tonoplast?

A

The vacuolar membrane

72
Q

What is embedded in the tonoplast?

A

Active transport systems

BIOL*1090 (15 decks)

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