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BIOL*1090 > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

Mitosis and meiosis

1
Q

What is cell division?

A

The process by which cells make more cells

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2
Q

What are the four main reasons cells divide?

A
  • Growth
  • Cell replacement
  • Healing
  • Reproduction
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3
Q

What type of cells undergo mitosis?

A

Stem cells

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4
Q

What type of cells undergo meiosis?

A

Sex cells

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5
Q

Describe the genome of eukaryotic cells

A

Large and linear

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6
Q

Where is DNA located in eukaryotes?

A

The nucleus

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7
Q

Describe the genome of prokaryotic cells

A

Small and circular

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8
Q

Where is DNA located in prokaryotes?

A

The cytoplasm

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9
Q

What are the two stages of the cell cycle?

A
  • M phase (mitosis or meiosis)
  • Interphase
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10
Q

What are the four stages of interphase (in order)?

A
  • G1 phase
  • S Phase
  • G2 phase
  • G0 phase (mitosis only)
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11
Q

What occurs during the G1 phase of interphase?

A

Growth, cellular metabolism

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12
Q

What occurs during the S phase of interphase?

A

DNA replication (chromosome duplication)

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13
Q

What occurs during the G2 phase of interphase?

A

Preparation for mitosis/meiosis

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14
Q

What occurs during the M phase of the cell cycle?

A

Chromosomal separation and cytokinesis

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15
Q

What is interphase?

A

The time between successive cell division (G1, S, G2)

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16
Q

What is the state of a cell when it exits the cell cycle?

A

G0

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17
Q

In what state are cells said to be quiescent?

A

G0

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18
Q

How many chromosomes are in the human genome?

A

46 chromosomes (23 pairs)

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19
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

Pairs of chromosomes of the same type (carrying the same set of genes)

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20
Q

What are centromeres?

A

The constriction site that holds sister chromatids together

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21
Q

What are sister chromatids?

A

Two identical copies of a chromosome produced by DNA replication

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22
Q

What does ploidy describe?

A

The number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell

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23
Q

What is a haploid cell?

A

A cell with one complete set of chromosomes

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24
Q

How are haploid cells denoted?

A

n

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25
Q

What is an example of a haploid cell?

A

A human sperm or egg cell

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26
Q

What is a diploid cell?

A

A cell with two complete sets of chromosomes (one from father, one from mother)

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27
Q

How are diploid cells denoted?

A

2n

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28
Q

What is an example of a diploid cell?

A

Somatic cells

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29
Q

Why are cells still considered diploid after S phase (even though there are now 4 complete sets of chromosomes)?

A
  • The amount of DNA/chromosomes changes, but the actual type doesn’t
  • It is a short and transient phase
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30
Q

In mitosis, the amount of _____ changes, but not the ________ ________.

A

DNA, ploidy level

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31
Q

What is a polyploid cell?

A

A cell with four or more complete sets of chromosomes

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32
Q

What are the five stages of mitosis (in order)?

A
  • Prophase
  • Prometaphase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
33
Q

What occurs during prophase of mitosis?

A
  • Chromosomes condense
  • Centrosomes radiate microtubules (aka mitotic spindles) and migrate to opposite poles
34
Q

What occurs during prometaphase of mitosis?

A
  • The nuclear envelope breaks down
  • Microtubules of the mitotic spindle attach to the centromeres of chromosomes
35
Q

What are kinetochores?

A

The protein complex where spindle fibres attach on each side of the centromere

36
Q

What occurs during metaphase of mitosis?

A

Chromosomes align in the centre of the cell

37
Q

What occurs during anaphase of mitosis?

A

Sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes (when the centromere splits) and travel to opposite poles

38
Q

What occurs during telophase of mitosis?

A

The nuclear envelope re-forms and chromosomes decondense

39
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

Occurs at the end of mitosis to create two seprate daughter cells

40
Q

What is the difference between cytokinesis in plant cells and animal cells?

A
  • Animal cells form a contractile ring and pinch apart
  • Plant cells don’t pinch apart, they form a cell plate (new cell wall) and split
41
Q

What is the result of a cell undergoing mitosis but not cytokinesis?

A

A multinucleate cell

42
Q

T or F: Mitosis can continue in perpetuity

A

True

43
Q

What is meant by saying meiosis is a terminal event?

A

It’s the last “step” of cell division

44
Q

What is the result of the first division in meiosis (meiosis I)?

A

Homologous chromosomes are randomly separated

45
Q

What is the result of the second division in meiosis (meiosis II)?

A

Sister chromatids are split

46
Q

How does the end result of mitosis differ from meiosis?

A
  • Mitosis: 2 identical daughter cells
  • Meiosis: 4 unique daughter cells
47
Q

What is the ploidy level of the products of mitosis?

A

Daughter cells are diploid (2n)

48
Q

What is the ploidy level of the products of meiosis?

A

Daughter cells are haploid (n)

49
Q

What are the stages of meiotic cell division?

A
  • Interphase
  • Meiosis I
  • Meiosis II
  • Meiotic division of cytoplasm
50
Q

What are the stages of meiosis I?

A
  • Prophase I
  • Prometaphase I
  • Metaphase I
  • Anaphase I
  • Telophase I and cytokinesis
51
Q

What are the stages of meiosis II?

A
  • Prophase II
  • Prometaphase II
  • Metaphase II
  • Anaphase II
  • Telophase II and cytokinesis
52
Q

When does crossing over occur?

A

Prophase I of meiosis

53
Q

What is crossing over?

A

When non-sister chromatids physically break and exchange maternal and paternal genetic material

54
Q

In terms of cell division, what is synapsis?

A

The gene for gene pairing of homologous chromosomes

55
Q

What are non-sister chromatids?

A

The chromatids (with different centromeres) that are attached in the bivalent

56
Q

T or F: Non-sister chromatids are identical.

A

False. They carry the same set of genes in the same order, but are not genetically identical (one is maternal and one is paternal).

57
Q

What is a bivalent?

A

The four stranded chromosomal structure composed of a pair of synapsed chromosomes (two pairs of sister chromatids aligned along their length)

58
Q

What is the chiasma?

A

The visible manifestation of a crossover within bivalents

59
Q

What are recombinant chromatids?

A

The result of crossing over at chiasmata between non-sister chromatids

60
Q

What holds the bivalents together during while they become oriented during metaphase I?

A

Chiasmata

61
Q

T or F: The positions of crossovers along the chromosome are random.

A

True

62
Q

What are the main 5 things that occur during prophase I of meiosis?

A
  • Chromosomes become visible (replication is already complete)
  • Homologous chromosomes undergo synapsis
  • Bivalents are formed by each pair of homologous chromosomes (when synapsis is complete)
  • The chiasmata between non-sister chromatids become apparent (the result of crossing over)
  • The nuclear envelope begins to break down
63
Q

What occurs during prometaphase I of meiosis?

A

Spindles attach to kinetochores on chromosomes

64
Q

What occurs during metaphase I of meiosis?

A

Homologous chromosomes line up in the centre of the cell

65
Q

How are bivalents oriented during metaphase I of meiosis?

A

Bivalents are oriented randomly with respect to each other

66
Q

How does kinetochore attachment differ between mitosis and meiosis I?

A
  • Mitosis: Sister kinetochores are attached to opposite sides of the chromosome
  • Meiosis I: The kinetochores orient side by side on one side of the chromosome (mono orientation)
67
Q

What occurs during anaphase I of meiosis?

A

Homologous chromosomes separate, but sister chromatids do not

68
Q

What occurs during telophase I and cytokinesis of meiosis?

A
  • A nuclear envelope briefly reappears
  • Cytoplasm divides and two separate cells are formed
69
Q

What is the ploidy level of cells after cytokinesis of meiosis I?

A

The two daughter cells are haploid (n) because both the amount and type of DNA have been reduced

70
Q

What occurs during prophase II of meiosis?

A

The nuclear envelope breaks down and the chromosomes condense

71
Q

What occurs during prometaphase II of meiosis?

A

Spindles attach to kinetochores on chromosomes

72
Q

What occurs during metaphase II of meiosis?

A

Chromosomes align in the centre of the cell

73
Q

What occurs during anaphase II of meiosis?

A

Sister chromatids separate

74
Q

What occurs during telophase II and cytokinesis of meiosis?

A

The nuclear envelope re-forms and the cytoplasm divides

75
Q

T or F: In multicellular organisms, division of cytoplasm during meiotic cell division differs between sexes

A

True.

76
Q

How does cytoplasm divide among female cells undergoing meiosis?

A
  • Meiosis I: Cytoplasm divides unequally, resulting in one oocyte and one polar body
  • Meiosis II: Cytoplasm of oocyte divides unequally, resulting in one functional ovum (after maturation) and another polar body (polar body from meiosis I also divides and creates two polar bodies)
77
Q

What are the final products of meiotic division of cytoplasm in female mammals?

A

One oocyte and three polar bodies

78
Q

How does cytoplasm divide among male cells undergoing meiosis?

A

Cytoplasm divides equally in both meiotic divisions, resulting in four unique sperm cells

BIOL*1090 (15 decks)

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