The Enlightenment

Question 1

Bernard de Fontanelle

Answer 1

Although he did not discover anything of significance, he possessed knowledge of scientific revolution thinkers.

Question 2

Pierre Bayle

Answer 2

Considered pre-philosophe; Huguenot who advcated religious tolerance and attacked religious superstition. Argued Rulers (Louis IVX) should have religious diversity.

Question 3

John Locke

Answer 3

Similar to Hobbs, was an English philosopher. Argued humans are born with clean slate and knowledge is derived from experiences and shape it by reason and and environment. [Essay concerning human understanding]

Question 4

Baron de Montesquieu

Answer 4

Born in France but studied in England and admired England’s constitutionalism. State of legislator, executive, and judicial were separated unlike France’s Absolute Monarch. He Believed balance of powers creates a strong government.

Question 5

Voltaire

Answer 5

Admired English culture [religious tolerance, freedom of press, and government system] Stated religious tolerance made the English community happy and criticized France’s Absolute government.

Question 6

Desim

Answer 6

Belief that a deity created universe but has no influence of on the world that is explained by natural laws.

Question 7

Denis Diderot

Answer 7

French freelance writer who became interested in Christianity. Wrote 29 volume series called the Encyclopedia. Philosophes used this to advocate religious tolerance and attack the catholic church

Question 8

David Hume

Answer 8

Scottish philosopher [atheist] who is significant for his highly influential system of radical philosophical empiricism, skepticism, and naturalism. Very Radical fir his time.

Question 9

Physiocrats

Answer 9

Those who studied doctrine of the economy based on agriculture rather than commercial farming.

Question 10

Adam Smith “The Wealth Of Nations”

Answer 10

Opposed mercantilist doctrine and views. Taxes to fund state state was incorrect, rather use Fair trade as an economic practice. Disagreed with physiocrats on land being the economic profit. Economy and state should be separate

Question 11

Paul d’Holbach

Answer 11

Wrote “System of nature”. Believed humans were machines who governed themselves. Deities are a humans perception: doesn’t exist. [atheist]

Question 12

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Answer 12

Government: humans were naturally happy in a state with out government but necessary to be civil
Social Contract: Human will should be governed/ people should abide social contract for best way of functioning
Education: Should foster, not restrict, education

Question 13

Mary Astell

Answer 13

Argued, in her “A serious proposal of the ladies” and “Reflection upon marriages”, women’s right to education that men revived and marriage should be an equal partnership between man and woman

Question 14

Mary Wollstonecraft

Answer 14

Wrote “The vindictive of the rights of women” and argued women did not belong to men similar to a slave. Also stated the enlightenment advocated reason to all human, thus men and women were equal

Question 15

Joseph II of Austria

Answer 15

King of Austria who enforced religious tolerance by placing the Toleration act for religious harmony. Enlightened ruler

Question 16

Programs

Answer 16

Jews being looted and massacred, forcing them to leave unwanted areas to Easter Europe. Although philosopes advocated tolerance for the Jews and stated they were human beings, they openly mocked their traditions and beliefs.