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Locomotor > The Equine Foot > Flashcards

The Equine Foot Flashcards

1
Q

What is the normal function of the hoof and capsule?

A

Elastic and flexible under load
Protective
No possibility for internal swelling or drainage

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2
Q

What is the weak point of the hoof capsule?

A

The white line

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3
Q

What techniques can be used for diagnosis of disease in the hoof capsule?

A

Hoof testers, palpation, percussion, response to local analgesia, radiography, MRI

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4
Q

What structures can be palpated inside the hoof capsule?

A

Dorsal DIP joint capsule, DIP joint collateral ligaments, collateral cartilages and distal recess to DFTS and DDFT

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5
Q

Why is it difficult to relate pain to specific structures?

A

Can’t really use direct visualisation, palpation or manipulation
Intra-synovial and peripheral nerve blocks aren’t very specific

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6
Q

What farriery related disease can damage the laminae

A

Nail prick or nail blind

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7
Q

What are hoof cracks?

A

Disruption to the hoof wall parallel to horn tubules and laminae
Can extend into the sensitive laminae causing pain and lameness

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8
Q

What is the aetiology of hoof cracks?

A

Poor horn quality
Thin hoof wall
Abnormal hoof angles

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9
Q

How do you treat hoof cracks?

A

Plating or gluing to support hoof and prevent widening and extension to coronary band

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10
Q

What can hoof capsule punctures lead to?

A

Septic pedal osteitis

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11
Q

What foot imbalances can cause disease to the hoof capsule and laminae?

A

Broken back axis, broken forward foot, club foot

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12
Q

What causes hoof wall avulsions?

A

Damage to the coronary band results in permanently disturbed growth

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13
Q

What is a keratoma?

A

Columnar thickening of hoof horn extending towards inside of the hoof mostly in the dorsal wall

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14
Q

What is the aetiology of a keratoma?

A

Mechanical irritation or hoof abscess

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15
Q

What internal trauma can a keratoma cause?

A

Increased local pressure so typically lysis of distal phalanx

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16
Q

What is the treatment for a keratoma?

A

Local resection trying not to extend to solar margin

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17
Q

What is thrush?

A

Infection leading to necrotic processes in frog area usually limited to lateral medial sulci

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18
Q

What is canker?

A

Mixed bacterial infection in deeper tissue layers of entire frog and heel

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19
Q

What does canker lead to?

A

Disintegration of intertubular horn

20
Q

When does canker occur?

A

Warm humid environment

21
Q

What does canker look like?

A

Cheesy white pus with a pungent odour with a tendency to bleed

22
Q

How do you treat canker?

A

Resecting affected area

23
Q

What does white line disease lead to?

A

Loss of band between hoof wall and sole

24
Q

What happens in white line disease?

A

Poor quality horn gets colonised by different bacteria and fungi

25
Q

What is the treatment for white line disease?

A

Meticulous daily hoof care, stall hygiene, debridement of necrotic and disease horn, disinfect area, protect laminae with bandage, use hardening solutions on sulci

26
Q

What do hoof abscesses result from?

A

Infection of sensitive laminae after bacterial penetration

27
Q

Where do chronic abscesses burst out and what treatment is required?

A

Coronary band

Lavage

28
Q

What is quitter? What treatment is often needed?

A

Infection of collateral cartilage and often requires removal of part of cartilage

29
Q

What are bipartite navicular bones? What are their clinical significance?

A

Congenital anomally

Important DDx to fractures and can result in chronic lameness and DIP joint osteoarthritis

30
Q

What is navicular syndrome?

A

Palmar heel pain with no one cause, distant pathophysiology or cure

31
Q

What are advanced imaging methods used to visualise for navicular syndrome?

A

Navicular bone, navicular bursa, DDFT, DIP joint, collateral ligaments of DIP joint

32
Q

What is the classic history behind navicular syndrome?

A

6-12 year old, taller lighter breeds, usually bilateral, insidious onset, occasionally toe first gait

33
Q

What is the diagnostic approach to navicular syndrome?

A

History, toe elevation may increase lameness, hoof testers usually negative, positive response to palmar distal nerve block, radiography, MRI, CT, nuclear scintigraphy, ultrasonography

34
Q

What is the current approach to treatment of navicular syndrome?

A

Identification of affected structures, navicular bursoscopy, corrective farriery, controlled exercise, pain relief

35
Q

Where are osseous cyst like lesions seen?

A

Distal phalanx in midline near collateral ligament
Navicular bone
Middle phalanx

36
Q

What are the significance of osseous cyst like lesions?

A

Vary

Diagnose with diagnostic analgesia

37
Q

What is the treatment for osseous cyst like lesions?

A

Arthroscopy, drilling and medicating DIP joint

38
Q

How do distal phalanx fractures present?

A

Acute onset severe lameness due to exercise or kicking

39
Q

What are the different classifications of distal phalanx fractures?

A 
Type 1 = wing, non-articular
Type 2 = wing articular
Type 3 = sagittal
Type 4 = extensor process
Type 5 = comminuted
Type 6 = solar margin
40
Q

What radiographs need to be taken to see wing fractures?

A

Oblique projections

41
Q

What treatments are appropriate for wing fractures? What are possible complications?

A

Bar shoe, foot cast, hoof cast, lag screw and box rest for 6 months
OA of DIP joint and fibrous union possible

42
Q

What treatments can be used for midsagittal fractures? What are possible complications?

A 
Lag screw (3-6 months) or bar shoes (6-12 months)
OA of DIP joint with bar shoe
43
Q

What treatment is used for small extensor process fractures?

A

Removal by arthroscopy or arthotomy with 3-4 month box rest

44
Q

What treatment is used for large extensor process fractures? Complications?

A

Removal by arthrotomy or lag screws with 4-6 months box rest

OA of DIP joint

45
Q

What is the treatment for comminuted fractures? Complications?

A

Transfixtion cast with 4-6 months box rest

Possible OA of DIP joint or laminitis

46
Q

What is the treatment for solar margin fractures?

A

Bar shoe with up to 6 months box rest

47
Q

What is the treatment for DIP joint osteoarthritis?

A 
Intra-articular medication/prolonged use of NSAIDs/corrective farriery
\+/- sodium hyaluronate
Corticosteroids
Polysulphated glycosaminoglycans
IL-1 receptor antagonist protein

Locomotor (17 decks)

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