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Organismal Biology > The Evolution of Plants > Flashcards

The Evolution of Plants Flashcards

1
Q

What was needed for photosynthetic plants to move into land?

A

The evolution of chloroplasts

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2
Q

What is the Primary endosymbiosis derived from?

A

Plantae

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3
Q

First Clades to branch off after primary endosymbiosis?

A

Aquatic (algae)

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4
Q

Three key characteristics of the evolution of land plants:

A

Protected embryos, vascular tissues, and seeds

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5
Q

Ancestor of Plantae

A

Unicellular, similar to modern glaucophytes

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6
Q

Chloroplasts retain:

A

Peptidoglycan between membranes (as cyanobacteria)

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7
Q

Key synapomorphy of land plants:

A

Embryo that is protected by tissue.

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8
Q

Land plants are also called:

A

Embryophytes

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9
Q

Ten major clades:

A

Liverworts
Mosses
Hornworts
Lycophytes

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10
Q

Vascular plants

A

Tracheophytes, called tracheids (7 clades)

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11
Q

Nonvascular plants:

A

Some have conduction cells, but no tracheids

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12
Q

Classifications of Land Plants:

A
  • Nonvascular Land Plants
  • Vascular Plants
  • Seed Plants
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13
Q

Land Plants develop

A
  • Transport systems
  • Structural support
  • New ways to disperse gametes and progeny.
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14
Q

Adaptations of Land Plants

A

-Cuticle
-Stomata
-Gametangia
-Embryos
Pigments and Spores

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15
Q

Cuticle

A

Waxy coating that slows water loss

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16
Q

Stomata

A

Closable opening that regulate gas exchange and water loss

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17
Q

Gametagia

A

Organs that enclose gametes and prevent them from drying out

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18
Q

Embryos

A

Young plants contained within a protective structure

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19
Q

Pigments

A

Protect against UV radiation

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20
Q

Spores

A

With thick walls containing a polymer that prevents drying and resists decay

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21
Q

Land plants have alternation of generations:

A
  • Multicellular diploid stage and multicellular haploid stage
  • Gametes produce by mitosis
  • Spores produced by meiosis
  • Spores develop haploid organisms.
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22
Q

Diploid zygote:

A

Develops by mitosis and cytokinesis

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23
Q

Multicelluar diploid plant is called :

A

sporophyte

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24
Q

Spores develop into

A

Gametophyte, multicellular haploid plant

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25
Q

Gametophyte produces

A

Haploid gametes

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26
Q

Fusion of gametes produces:

A

Diploid Zygote, which then develops into sporophyte

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27
Q

Nonvascular Plants

A

Liverworts, mosses, hornworts

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28
Q

Charateristics of nonvascular plants:

A
  • Live in moist habitats
  • Small
  • No vascular system to transport water
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29
Q

Liverworts

A
  • Green
  • Sporophyte attached to gametophyte
  • Can reproduce asexually or sexually
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30
Q

Mosses

A
  • Stomata-important for gas exchange and water retention

- Cells called hydroids which die and leave a channel through water can move.

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31
Q

Hornworts:

A
  • Sporophytes look like small horns.
  • Cells have one chloroplast
  • Sporophyte
  • Symbiotic relationships with cyanobacteria and fix nitrogen.
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32
Q

Nonvasular plants, gametophyte is:

A

Photosynthetic

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33
Q

What does the sporophyte depend on:

A

Gametophyte

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34
Q

Where are Gametes produced:

A

Gametangia (antheridia and archegonia)

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35
Q

Sperm must:

A

Swim or be splashed by water to reach the egg

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36
Q

What must be present for reproduction

A

Water

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37
Q

Vascular system consists:

A

Tissues for transport of water and materials

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38
Q

How did evolution help Vascular tissue:

A

Allowed plants to spread to new environments and diversify

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39
Q

Xylem conducts:

A

Water and minerals

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40
Q

Phloem conducts:

A

Products of photosynthesis

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41
Q

Tracheid:

A

Evolved in sporophytes and critical for invasion of land.

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42
Q

Tracheid includes;

A

Transport, the lignin provides support and allowing taller growth, which means more sunlight and disperse spores.

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43
Q

Vascular plants also developed:

A

Branching

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44
Q

What does branching do:

A

Spore production

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45
Q

Sporophyte of a vascular plant

A

Independent of the gametophyte

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46
Q

Invasion of land by vascular plants:

A

Made environment more hospitable to animals

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47
Q

What moved to land after vascular plants

A

Arthropods, vertebrates, and animals

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48
Q

When did trees appeared:

A

Devonian

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49
Q

When did trees dominate:

A

Carboniferous, when huge club mosses, horsetails, and tree ferns

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50
Q

What transformed into coal

A

Buried plant material

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51
Q

What happend in the Permian:

A

Gymnosperms replaced loycophyte - fern forests

52
Q

Rhyniophytes

A

Earliest vascular plants

53
Q

Rhyniophytes include:

A

No roots, anchored in soil by rhizomes with rhizoids ( ferns today) and dichotomous

54
Q

Lycophytes

A

Club mosses, spike mosses and quilworts

55
Q

Lycophytes include:

A

Microphylls and Strobili

56
Q

Monilophytes

A

Horsetails and ferns. All have different main stem and side branches

57
Q

Horsetails

A

Independent sporophyte and gametophyte

58
Q

When did ferns appeared:

A

Devonian period, terrestrial

59
Q

How long can sporophyte live:

A

Hundreds of years

60
Q

Why is water so important:

A

Needed to transport of male gametes to female gametes so ferns are inhabit shaded, moist woodlands and swamps.

61
Q

Sporangia

A

Borne on a stalk in clusters called sori

62
Q

Microphylls evolved from:

A

Sterile sporangia

63
Q

How did

Megaphylls of monilophytes arise:

A

Photosynthetic tissue developed between branch pairs that were left behind as dominant branches overtopped them.

64
Q

Euphyllophytes

A

Clade consisting of monilophytes

65
Q

A synapomorphy of euphyllophytes

A

Overtopping growth

66
Q

Euphyllophytes lead to

A

Megaphylls

67
Q

Seed plants

A

Provide lasting dormant stage for the embryo. Can also be dormant for many years.

68
Q

Trend in plant evolution:

A

Sporophyte became less dependent and gametophyte became smaller.

69
Q

Seed plants evolved:

A

Independence from water for getting the sperm to the egg.

70
Q

Male gametophyte

A

Pollen grain

71
Q

Sporopollenin

A

Prevents drying and chemical damage

72
Q

Megaspores develop:

A

Into female gametophytes

73
Q

What are megagametophytes are dependent:

A

On sporophyte for food and water

74
Q

Megagametophytes develop in:

A

Ovule, which later became the seed

75
Q

Pollination

A

Arrival of a pollen grain near a female gametophyte

76
Q

Pollen tube

A

Grows the grain and digests its way toward megagametophyte.

77
Q

Diploid Zygote:

A

Divides to form an embryonic sporophyte, enters a dormant stage

78
Q

Seed contains tissues from three generation:

A

A seed coat, Haploid tissue from the female gametophyte provides nutrients, and embryo is the new diploid Sporophyte.

79
Q

Many seeds remain:

A

Viable for long periods

80
Q

Seed coat:

A

Protects from drying, potential predators and other damage.

81
Q

What do the adaptiations of seeds to help:

A

Aid in dispersal

82
Q

Where does the embryo get nutirients:

A

Stored in the seed

83
Q

Secondary growth:

A

Increasing diameter of roots and stems by growth of xylem

84
Q

Older wood:

A

Becomes clogged with resins but provide support and allows plants to grow.

85
Q

Gymnosperms

A

Seed plants that do not form flowers or fruits

86
Q

What is not protected in gymnosperms:

A

Ovules and seeds.

87
Q

Gymnosperms have:

A

Tracheids as water conducting and support.

88
Q

Four groups of gymnosperms:

A

Cycads, Gingkos, Gnetophytes, Conifers

89
Q

Cycads

A

Tropical, earliest diverging clade

90
Q

Gingkos

A

Common in Mesozoic, today only species: Gingko biloba

91
Q

Gnetophytes

A

Some characteristics similar to angiosperms; Welwitschia

92
Q

Conifers

A

Cone-bearing plants

93
Q

Conifers include:

A

Dominate forests at high latitudes and high elevations

94
Q

Cones contain:

A

Megastrobilus and Microstrobilus

95
Q

Megastrobilus

A

Female cone

96
Q

Microstrobilus

A

Male pollen

97
Q

What transports pollen grains

A

Wind

98
Q

What are the most exposed:

A

Conifer Ovules

99
Q

Angiosperms

A

Reproductive organs in flowers; seeds are enclosed in fruits

100
Q

Carpel

A

Ovules and seeds enclosed in modified leaf

101
Q

What is very reduced:

A

Female gametophyte

102
Q

Xylem of amgiosperms

A

Vessel elements- water transporting cells

103
Q

Fibers

A

Structural support

104
Q

Pholem

A

Companion cells

105
Q

Synapomorphies of the angiosperms

A

Germination of pollen on a stigma, Double fertilization, Endosperm

106
Q

Infloresence

A

Group of flowers

107
Q

Stamens bear

A

Male microsporangia

108
Q

Stamen is composed

A

Filament and anther

109
Q

Carpels bear

A

Megasporangia

110
Q

Carpels contain:

A

Ovary, style and stigma

111
Q

Imperfect flowers

A

two flowers types male and female

112
Q

Monoecious

A

Male and female flowers occur on the same plant

113
Q

Dioecious

A

Male and female flowers are produced on different plants

114
Q

Evolution of flowers

A

Earliest diverging clades have many tepals, carpels and stamens

115
Q

Most angiosperms are pollinated by:

A

Animals

116
Q

Double fetilization:

A

Each pollen contains two male gametes: one combines with egg. The other combines with two other haploid nuclei to form a triploid cell, triploid cells give rise to endosperm

117
Q

Zygote develops:

A

Into an embryo with embryonic axis and cotyledons (seed leaves)

118
Q

Fruits:

A

Develop from ovaries after fertilization, protect seeds and aid in dispersal

119
Q

Single fruit

A

Develops from a single carpel or fused by carpels ( plum or peach)

120
Q

Aggregate fruit

A

Develops from several separate carpels of a single flower (raspberry)

121
Q

Multiple fruit

A

Forms from a flower cluster, inflorescence (pineapples and figs)

122
Q

Accessory fruit

A

Develop from other parts in addition to the carpel (apples, pears, strawberries)

123
Q

Amborella (magnoliids)

A

Sister group of all other flowering plants

124
Q
  1. Angiosperm clades:
A

Monocots (1 cotyledon) grasses, cattails, ilies, orchids and palms.

125
Q
  1. Angiosperm clades:
A

Eudicots (2 cotyledons) majority of familiar seed plants

Organismal Biology (2 decks)

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