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Organismal Biology > The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes > Flashcards

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the types three types of origin of life?

A

Bacteria, Eukarya, Archea

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2
Q

What do we call eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi?

A

Protists

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3
Q

What are monophyletic?

A

Eukaryotes

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4
Q

What is mostly more related to Archea than Bacteria?

A

Eukaryotes

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5
Q

What two things are derived from bacterial lineages?

A

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

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6
Q

What resulted in the loss of rigid cell walls?

A

Cell membrane to fold inward and create surface area which resulted in larger cells

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7
Q

What gave rise to mitochondria and chloroplasts?

A

Endosymbiosis

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8
Q

What resulted in the increased compartmentalization and complexity?

A

Development of complex cytoskeleton
Formation of ribosome studded internal membranes
The enclosure of DNA in a nucleus

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9
Q

Where did cytoskeletons evolve?

A

Prokaryotes

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10
Q

What did the development of microfilaments and microtubules do?

A

Allowed changes in Shape, Distribution of daughter chromosomes, movement, and eukaryotic flagella

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11
Q

What did nuclear envelope do?

A

Developed in eukaryote evolution, arising from DNA attached to the membrane, Prokaryote DNA is attached to the inner plasma membrane.

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12
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Ability to engulf and digest other cells

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13
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

A proteobacterium was incorporated and evolved into mitochondrion

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14
Q

What was the original function of mitochondria?

A

Detoxify the O2 produced by cyanobacteria. Later coupled with formation of ATP

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15
Q

Primary endosymbiosis

A

A cyanobacterium was engulfed by a larger eukaryotic cell

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16
Q

Where can the remnants of peptidoglycan be found?

A

Glaucophytes

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17
Q

How many membranes do chloroplasts have?

A

Two

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18
Q

Secondary endosymbiosis

A

A eukaryote is engulfed a green alga cell which became chloroplast.

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19
Q

What do the chloroplasts of Euglenoids have?

A

Three membranes

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20
Q

Tertiary Endosymbiosis

A

Dinoflagellate lost chloroplast and took protist that had acquired chloroplast through secondary endosymbiosis

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21
Q

Protists Eukaryotes

A

Unicellular and microscopic (microbial eukaryotes)

Some are multicellular and large (giant kelp)

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22
Q

Major groups of Eukaryotes

A

Plantae, Fungi, Choanoflagellates, Animals

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23
Q

Unicellular Eukaryotes

A

Associate in colonies, continuum from unicellular to fully multicellular.

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24
Q

Alveolates

A

Beneath cell membrane.

  • Dinoflagellates
  • Apicomplexans
  • Ciliates
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25
Dinoflagellates
Photosynthetic, primary producers in oceans. - Cause red tides - Endosymbionts with invertebrates - Some nonphotosynthetic parasites
26
One flagellum of Dinoflagellates
Originates within equatorial groove and provides thrust and spin to the organism
27
Second flagellum of Dinoflagellates
Originates in the longitudinal groove and acts like the rudder of a boat.
28
Apicomplexans
Obligate parasites
29
Apical Complex
Organelles at the tip of the cell that help it invade host tissue
30
Plasmodium
Produces malaria
31
Ciliates
Numerous hairlike cilia ( identical to eukaryotic flagella)
32
Ciliates include:
- Complex body forms and two types of nuclei | - Heterotrophic; some have photosynthetic endosymbionts
33
Tetrahymena Thermophila
Model organism for research on gene expression and structure and function of microtubule arrays
34
Didinium Nasutum (barrel)
Feeds on other ciliates and cilia occur in two separate bands.
35
Euplotes
Fuse into flat sheets that direct food particle into an oral groove
36
Paramecium
A ciliate covered by a flexible pellicle with trichocysts - defensive organelles.
37
Paramecium includes:
- Lives in fresh water: Contractile vacuoles excrete excess water taken in by osmosis. - Digestive Vacuoles
38
Stramenopiles
Rows of tubular hairs on the longer of their two flagella. Some lack flagella, but descended from ancestors that possessed them.
39
Stramenopiles include:
Diatoms Brown algae Oomycetes
40
Diatoms
Unicellular, some species associate in filaments carotenoids give them a yellow or brownish color.
41
Diatoms include:
- Lack flagella except male gametes - Deposit silicon dioxide in two piece cell walls - Reproduce both sexually and asexually
42
Brown Algae
Brown color comes from the carotenoid fucoxanthin
43
Brown algae includes:
- Multicellular, marine - Develop holdfasts with alginic acid to glue them to rocks - Alginic Acid is an emulsifier
44
Oomycetes
Water molds, downy mildews.
45
Oomycetes include:
- Absorptive heterotrophs- digest large food molecules into smaller molecules - Water molds- aquatic and saprobic ( feed on dead organic matter)
46
Rhizaria
Unicellular and mostly aquatic; long and thin pseudopods
47
Rhizaria include:
Cercozoans Foraminiferans Radiolarians
48
Foraminiferans
External shells of calcium carbonate
49
Farominiferans include:
- Brached pseudopods form sticky nets to catch smaller plankton. - Shells have produced world's limestone
50
Excavates include:
- Diplomonads - Parabasalids - Euglenids - Kinetoplastids
51
Diplomonads and Parabasalids
Unicellular and lack mitochondria
52
Giardia Lambia
Causes intestinal disease giardiasis
53
Parabasalids
Undulating membranes that aid locomotive
54
Trichomonas Vaginalis
Causes trichomoniasis
55
Giardia
Dimplomand, has flagella and two nuclei
56
Trichomonas
Parabasalid, flagella and undulating membranes
57
Euglenids and Kinetoplastids
Mitochondria with disc shaped cristae and flagella with a crystalline rod.
58
Eugleinds
Some heterotrophic or photosynthetic.
59
Euglena
Second flagellum is rudimentary and primary flagellum orignates at the anterior of organism and trails toward posterior.
60
Kinetoplastids
Parasites with two flagella
61
What does mitochondrion have?
Kinetoplast that contains multiple circular DNA molecules
62
Typanosomes
Pathogens
63
Three kinetoplastid Typanosomones
Typanosoma Brucei Typanosoma Cruzi Leishmania Major
64
Trypanosoma Brucei
Sleeping sickness
65
Trypanosoma Cruzi
Chagas' Disease
66
Leshmania Major
Leishmaniasis
67
Amoebozoans
Amoeboid body form; lobe-shaped pseudopods
68
Amoebozoans include:
Loboseans
69
Loboseans
Feed by phagocytosis, engulfing smaller organisms and particles with pseudopods.
70
Loboseans include;
Living on the bottoms | Testate amoebas live in shells made from sand grains or secreted by organisms
71
Asexual Reproduction
- Equal splitting by mitosis followed cytokinesis. - Splittting once cell into multiple cells - Budding - Sporulation
72
Budding
Outgrowth of a new cell from the surface
73
Sporulation
Formation of specialized cells that can develop into new individuals
74
Offspring from asexual reproduction
Genetically identical-clonal lineages.
75
Reproduction in Patamecium
- Two types of nuclei | - Asexual Reproduction
76
Conjugation
Two individuals fuse and exchange micronuclei; a sexual process, but not reproductive
77
What happens in the exchange of micronuclei in Paramecium?
Genetic recombination, after conjugation, cells separate and continue their lives as two individuals.
78
Alternation of Generations
- Diploid gives rise to haploid. - Haploid and diploid may reproduce asexually - Occurs in protists, plants and some fungi.
79
Heteromorphic
Two generations differ morphologically
80
Isomorphic
Two generations are similar
81
Sporocytes
Diploid organism, divide meiotically produce haploid spores.
82
Spores develop
Haploid organims
83
Haploid organism produce
Gametes, by mitosis and cytokinesis
84
Gametes fuse
Produce diploid organism
85
Primary producers in aquatic ecosystems
Phytoplankton
86
How much do diatoms perform in carbon fixation ?
1/5, same amount as the rainforests.
87
Phytoplankton includes
Contribute to global photosynthesis
88
Some Microbial eukaryotes
Pathogens
89
Plasmodium
Parasites that cause malaria.
90
Phytoplankton result in
Red tide and toxins produced that can kill or harm vertebrates.
91
Microbial eukaryotes live as
Endisymbionts
92
Photosynthetic Dinoflagellates
Endosymnionts in coral
93
Diatoms store energy
As oil
94
Foraminiferan Shells
Make up extensive limestone deposits.

Organismal Biology (2 decks)

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