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Organismal Biology > The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes > Flashcards

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types three types of origin of life?

A

Bacteria, Eukarya, Archea

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2
Q

What do we call eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi?

A

Protists

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3
Q

What are monophyletic?

A

Eukaryotes

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4
Q

What is mostly more related to Archea than Bacteria?

A

Eukaryotes

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5
Q

What two things are derived from bacterial lineages?

A

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

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6
Q

What resulted in the loss of rigid cell walls?

A

Cell membrane to fold inward and create surface area which resulted in larger cells

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7
Q

What gave rise to mitochondria and chloroplasts?

A

Endosymbiosis

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8
Q

What resulted in the increased compartmentalization and complexity?

A

Development of complex cytoskeleton
Formation of ribosome studded internal membranes
The enclosure of DNA in a nucleus

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9
Q

Where did cytoskeletons evolve?

A

Prokaryotes

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10
Q

What did the development of microfilaments and microtubules do?

A

Allowed changes in Shape, Distribution of daughter chromosomes, movement, and eukaryotic flagella

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11
Q

What did nuclear envelope do?

A

Developed in eukaryote evolution, arising from DNA attached to the membrane, Prokaryote DNA is attached to the inner plasma membrane.

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12
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Ability to engulf and digest other cells

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13
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

A proteobacterium was incorporated and evolved into mitochondrion

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14
Q

What was the original function of mitochondria?

A

Detoxify the O2 produced by cyanobacteria. Later coupled with formation of ATP

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15
Q

Primary endosymbiosis

A

A cyanobacterium was engulfed by a larger eukaryotic cell

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16
Q

Where can the remnants of peptidoglycan be found?

A

Glaucophytes

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17
Q

How many membranes do chloroplasts have?

A

Two

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18
Q

Secondary endosymbiosis

A

A eukaryote is engulfed a green alga cell which became chloroplast.

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19
Q

What do the chloroplasts of Euglenoids have?

A

Three membranes

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20
Q

Tertiary Endosymbiosis

A

Dinoflagellate lost chloroplast and took protist that had acquired chloroplast through secondary endosymbiosis

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21
Q

Protists Eukaryotes

A

Unicellular and microscopic (microbial eukaryotes)

Some are multicellular and large (giant kelp)

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22
Q

Major groups of Eukaryotes

A

Plantae, Fungi, Choanoflagellates, Animals

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23
Q

Unicellular Eukaryotes

A

Associate in colonies, continuum from unicellular to fully multicellular.

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24
Q

Alveolates

A

Beneath cell membrane.

  • Dinoflagellates
  • Apicomplexans
  • Ciliates
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25
Q

Dinoflagellates

A

Photosynthetic, primary producers in oceans.

  • Cause red tides
  • Endosymbionts with invertebrates
  • Some nonphotosynthetic parasites
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26
Q

One flagellum of Dinoflagellates

A

Originates within equatorial groove and provides thrust and spin to the organism

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27
Q

Second flagellum of Dinoflagellates

A

Originates in the longitudinal groove and acts like the rudder of a boat.

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28
Q

Apicomplexans

A

Obligate parasites

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29
Q

Apical Complex

A

Organelles at the tip of the cell that help it invade host tissue

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30
Q

Plasmodium

A

Produces malaria

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31
Q

Ciliates

A

Numerous hairlike cilia ( identical to eukaryotic flagella)

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32
Q

Ciliates include:

A
  • Complex body forms and two types of nuclei

- Heterotrophic; some have photosynthetic endosymbionts

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33
Q

Tetrahymena Thermophila

A

Model organism for research on gene expression and structure and function of microtubule arrays

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34
Q

Didinium Nasutum (barrel)

A

Feeds on other ciliates and cilia occur in two separate bands.

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35
Q

Euplotes

A

Fuse into flat sheets that direct food particle into an oral groove

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36
Q

Paramecium

A

A ciliate covered by a flexible pellicle with trichocysts - defensive organelles.

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37
Q

Paramecium includes:

A
  • Lives in fresh water: Contractile vacuoles excrete excess water taken in by osmosis.
  • Digestive Vacuoles
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38
Q

Stramenopiles

A

Rows of tubular hairs on the longer of their two flagella. Some lack flagella, but descended from ancestors that possessed them.

39
Q

Stramenopiles include:

A

Diatoms
Brown algae
Oomycetes

40
Q

Diatoms

A

Unicellular, some species associate in filaments carotenoids give them a yellow or brownish color.

41
Q

Diatoms include:

A
  • Lack flagella except male gametes
  • Deposit silicon dioxide in two piece cell walls
  • Reproduce both sexually and asexually
42
Q

Brown Algae

A

Brown color comes from the carotenoid fucoxanthin

43
Q

Brown algae includes:

A
  • Multicellular, marine
  • Develop holdfasts with alginic acid to glue them to rocks
  • Alginic Acid is an emulsifier
44
Q

Oomycetes

A

Water molds, downy mildews.

45
Q

Oomycetes include:

A
  • Absorptive heterotrophs- digest large food molecules into smaller molecules
  • Water molds- aquatic and saprobic ( feed on dead organic matter)
46
Q

Rhizaria

A

Unicellular and mostly aquatic; long and thin pseudopods

47
Q

Rhizaria include:

A

Cercozoans
Foraminiferans
Radiolarians

48
Q

Foraminiferans

A

External shells of calcium carbonate

49
Q

Farominiferans include:

A
  • Brached pseudopods form sticky nets to catch smaller plankton.
  • Shells have produced world’s limestone
50
Q

Excavates include:

A
  • Diplomonads
  • Parabasalids
  • Euglenids
  • Kinetoplastids
51
Q

Diplomonads and Parabasalids

A

Unicellular and lack mitochondria

52
Q

Giardia Lambia

A

Causes intestinal disease giardiasis

53
Q

Parabasalids

A

Undulating membranes that aid locomotive

54
Q

Trichomonas Vaginalis

A

Causes trichomoniasis

55
Q

Giardia

A

Dimplomand, has flagella and two nuclei

56
Q

Trichomonas

A

Parabasalid, flagella and undulating membranes

57
Q

Euglenids and Kinetoplastids

A

Mitochondria with disc shaped cristae and flagella with a crystalline rod.

58
Q

Eugleinds

A

Some heterotrophic or photosynthetic.

59
Q

Euglena

A

Second flagellum is rudimentary and primary flagellum orignates at the anterior of organism and trails toward posterior.

60
Q

Kinetoplastids

A

Parasites with two flagella

61
Q

What does mitochondrion have?

A

Kinetoplast that contains multiple circular DNA molecules

62
Q

Typanosomes

A

Pathogens

63
Q

Three kinetoplastid Typanosomones

A

Typanosoma Brucei
Typanosoma Cruzi
Leishmania Major

64
Q

Trypanosoma Brucei

A

Sleeping sickness

65
Q

Trypanosoma Cruzi

A

Chagas’ Disease

66
Q

Leshmania Major

A

Leishmaniasis

67
Q

Amoebozoans

A

Amoeboid body form; lobe-shaped pseudopods

68
Q

Amoebozoans include:

A

Loboseans

69
Q

Loboseans

A

Feed by phagocytosis, engulfing smaller organisms and particles with pseudopods.

70
Q

Loboseans include;

A

Living on the bottoms

Testate amoebas live in shells made from sand grains or secreted by organisms

71
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A
  • Equal splitting by mitosis followed cytokinesis.
  • Splittting once cell into multiple cells
  • Budding
  • Sporulation
72
Q

Budding

A

Outgrowth of a new cell from the surface

73
Q

Sporulation

A

Formation of specialized cells that can develop into new individuals

74
Q

Offspring from asexual reproduction

A

Genetically identical-clonal lineages.

75
Q

Reproduction in Patamecium

A
  • Two types of nuclei

- Asexual Reproduction

76
Q

Conjugation

A

Two individuals fuse and exchange micronuclei; a sexual process, but not reproductive

77
Q

What happens in the exchange of micronuclei in Paramecium?

A

Genetic recombination, after conjugation, cells separate and continue their lives as two individuals.

78
Q

Alternation of Generations

A
  • Diploid gives rise to haploid.
  • Haploid and diploid may reproduce asexually
  • Occurs in protists, plants and some fungi.
79
Q

Heteromorphic

A

Two generations differ morphologically

80
Q

Isomorphic

A

Two generations are similar

81
Q

Sporocytes

A

Diploid organism, divide meiotically produce haploid spores.

82
Q

Spores develop

A

Haploid organims

83
Q

Haploid organism produce

A

Gametes, by mitosis and cytokinesis

84
Q

Gametes fuse

A

Produce diploid organism

85
Q

Primary producers in aquatic ecosystems

A

Phytoplankton

86
Q

How much do diatoms perform in carbon fixation ?

A

1/5, same amount as the rainforests.

87
Q

Phytoplankton includes

A

Contribute to global photosynthesis

88
Q

Some Microbial eukaryotes

A

Pathogens

89
Q

Plasmodium

A

Parasites that cause malaria.

90
Q

Phytoplankton result in

A

Red tide and toxins produced that can kill or harm vertebrates.

91
Q

Microbial eukaryotes live as

A

Endisymbionts

92
Q

Photosynthetic Dinoflagellates

A

Endosymnionts in coral

93
Q

Diatoms store energy

A

As oil

94
Q

Foraminiferan Shells

A

Make up extensive limestone deposits.

Organismal Biology (2 decks)

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