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Human Bio > The Excretory System [7] > Flashcards

The Excretory System [7] Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

Purpose of excretory system

A

Collect and excrete wastes produced by metabolism, which are deadly if accumulated

Prevent wastes from reaching lethal concentration

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2
Q

Which organs are involved in processing and removing wastes

A

Lungs, liver, alimentary canal, sweat glands, kidneys

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3
Q

Describe deamination

A

Protein is a tertiary energy source. When needed for energy, NH2 (amino) group is removed from amino acid and converted by liver cells into NH3 (ammonia).

Remainder of amino acid turned into carbohydrate.

Oxygen + amino acid –> carbohydrate + ammonia

Process done through enzymes

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4
Q

How does the liver process waste

A

Liver cells turn ammonia into urea, a less toxic, easily excretable substance

energy + carbon dioxide + ammonia –> urea + water

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5
Q

Location and function of sweat glands

A

Lower layers of skin. Duct carries sweat to hair follicle or surface where it opens at a pore. Cells surrounding glands squeeze sweat to the skin surface, where it is evaporated

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6
Q

Substances dissolved in sweat

A

NaCl, urea, lactic acid

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7
Q

State the passage of a glucose particle in the nephron

A

Blood > renal artery > afferent & efferent arterioles (glomerulus) > glomerular capsule > proximal convulated tubule > peritubular capillaries > renal vein

Glucose takes reabsorption pathway

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8
Q

Passage of a urea molecule in the nephron

A

Renal artery > afferent & efferent arteriole (glomerulus) > glomerular capsule > proximal convulated tubule > loop of henle > distal convulated tubule > collecting duct

Urea is a waste, thus taking excretion pathway

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9
Q

Purpose of renal tubules

A

Reabsorb useful substances and secrete substances into filtrate

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10
Q

Renal corpuscle

A

Glomerulus and glomerular (bowman’s) capsule, where filtrate is formed

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11
Q

Renal medulla

A

Inner middle area of kidney

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12
Q

What encloses kidney

A

Renal capsule

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13
Q

Renal hilum

A

Where renal artery and vein enters and leaves

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14
Q

Renal pelvis

A

Funnels filtrate into ureter

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15
Q

Ureter

A

Carries urine to urinary bladder, where it is stored

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16
Q

Renal cortex

A

Outer part of kidney, between pyramids and capsule

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17
Q

Renal columns

A

Spaces between renal pyramids, where blood vessels lie

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18
Q

At what point is filtrate called urine

A

From the renal pelvis onwards (between collecting ducts and ureter)

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19
Q

What happens during glomerular filtration

A

In renal corpuscle, fluid forced from blood, diffusing through semipermeable membranes of capillaries and glomerular capsule, forming filtrate.

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20
Q

Composition of filtrate

A

Water, salts, amino acids, fatty acids, glucose, urea, uric acid, creatinine, hormones, toxins, various ions.

No RBC, WBC or plasma proteins as they are too large

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21
Q

How does the structure of the renal corpuscle achieve its function?

A

Function: Perform glomerular filtration - form filtrate, separate fluids from formed elements of blood

Afferent arteriole diameter > efferent, causing high B.P., forcing fluid through capillaries and capsule, and into tubules.

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22
Q

Purpose of kidneys

A

Maintain concentration of materials in body fluids and remove toxic wastes

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23
Q

Purpose of peritubular capillaries

A

Selective reabsorption - useful materials are diffused into blood, and carried to renal vein away from body

Tubular secretion - transports materials to tubules for secretion into filtrate

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24
Q

Why does selective reabsorption occur

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A

As some components of filtrate are useful (e.g. glucose, NaCl), they must be reabsorbed into the bloodstream via peritubular capillaries and renal vein

25
How does the structure of the nephron suit selective reabsorption?
Cells of tubules perform task As with all absorption in body, large SA required. Long & convoluted tubules, and millions of nephrons . Capillaries and tubule walls are one cell thick, allowing easy diffusion.
26
What are the three steps in urine production
Glomerular filtration Selective reabsorption Tubular secretion
27
What occurs during tubular secretion
Materials secreted from blood in peritubular capillaries into flitrate via renal tubules
28
What are the effects of tubular secretion
**Maintain pH** of blood and urine by removing acidic Hydrogen and Ammonium ions found in diet. Kidneys increase pH of blood and lower pH of urine to normal levels (ions move from blood to urine)
29
What substances are secreted during tubular secretion
Hydrogen, Ammonium (NH4), urea, creatinine, toxins, drugs, neurotransmitters
30
What substances are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule, and how (active/passive)?
Passive (osmosis) - water Active - ions, glucose, amino acids, vitamins
31
What substances are reabsorbed in the loop of Henle, and how (active/passive)?
Passive (osmosis) - water Active - NaCl
32
What substances are reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubule, and how (active/passive)?
Passive (osmosis) - water Active - NaCl
33
What substances are reabsorbed in the collecting duct, and how (active/passive)?
Water - osmosis
34
What substances are secreted in the proximal convoluted tubule?
Hydrogen, Ammonium (NH4)
35
What substances are secreted in the loop of Henle
nothing dumbass
36
What substances are secreted in the collecting duct
nothing dumbass
37
Where is water reabsorbed in the nephron
Throughout the renal tubule
38
Where is NaCl reabsorbed in the nephron?
Loop of Henle and distal convoluted tubule
39
Where are ions, glucose, amino acids, and vitamins reabsorbed
Proximal convoluted tubule
40
Composition of urine
Water, urea, uric acid, creatinine, ions
41
What is uric acid
Produced by metabolism of purines - substances from the breakdown of nucleic acids when cells die
42
What is creatinine
Produced in muscle from breakdown of creatine phosphate, an energy-rich molecule
43
How is urine pushed from ureter to urinary bladder
Muscular contractions
44
What substances are secreted in the distal convoluted tubule?
Urea, creatinine, toxins, drugs, neurotransmitters
45
Facultative reabsorption
Under hormonal control, more or less water can be reabsorbed in renal tubules based on body's requirements.
46
How is a concentration gradient maintained in the renal corpuscle
Continuous and large volume of blood flow transports substances
47
How large SA achieved in the kidneys
Tubules are long & convoluted ~1.2 million nephrons per kidney
48
Kidney stones
Crystals form in kidneys when urine becomes too concentrated. Crystals form stones - large stones get stuck in ureter/bladder/urethra and causes immense pain
49
Kidney disease (effect)
Reduces glomeruli's ability to filter blood, causing loss or proteins & erythrocytes from blood to urine.
50
Kidney disease (cause)
**High blood pressure** damages glomerulus. Obesity, overweight, smoking, sugary drinks, excessive alcohol, steroids
51
Kidney failure
Kidneys lose ability to excrete waste & maintain concentration of materials in body fluid.
52
How many Australians affected by kidney disease
1/3
53
Dialysis
Method of excreting waste with kidney failure
54
Peritoneum
Membrane lining abdominal cavity, lining abdominal organs (stomach, liver, intestines) **Rich in blood** Used for peritoneal dialysis
55
Peritoneal dialysis (ignore fluid)
Uses peritoneum as a surface to remove wastes Catheter inserted into abdomen (peritoneum), pumping fluid Waste from blood diffuses into fluid, then fluid drains.
56
Haemodialysis (ignore fluid)
Passing of blood through artificial kidney/dialysis machine Blood passes through fine tubes, made of differentially permeable membrane, and immersed in fluid
57
Composition of dialysis fluid
Contains components of blood at similar concentrations, e.g. glucose. **No wastes in fluid** This allows waste in blood to diffuse along concentration gradient, and blood components to remain.
58
Liver disease, causes, symptoms
Liver unable to process wastes for excretion. Infection, genetic disorders, autoimmune problems, cancer, fatty diet, excessive alcohol Symptoms: toxin build-up, e.g. dark urine, swelling

Human Bio (7 decks)

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