Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Human Bio > The Musculoskeletal System [8] > Flashcards

The Musculoskeletal System [8] Flashcards

(64 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Skeletal muscle features + function

A

Voluntary, striated, multinucleated

Movement at joints, attach to bones, maintain posture / provide movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Smooth muscle features + function

A

Involuntary, not striated, single nucleus, spindle - shaped

Carry out body functions (e.g. peristalsis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cardiac muscle features + function

A

Striated, intercalated discs

Involuntary heart muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

4 properties of muscle

A

Extensibility - stretch
Elasticity - return to original length
Contractability - shorten
Excitability - respond to stimuli, e.g. hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Identify

A

Cardiac (striated, single nucleus, intercalated discs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Identify

A

Smooth (spindle, single nucleus, non-striated)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Identify

A

Skeletal (striated, multinucleated)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Purpose of musculoskeletal system

A

Maintain posture, allow movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Parts of muscle (big to small)

A

Muscle group (e.g. bicep) > muscle bundle > muscle fibre > myofibril > myofilaments > actin & myosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What holds muscle fibres into a functioning unit (bundle)

A

Perimysium - sheaths of connective tissues

Also allows adjacent bundles to slide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Epimysium

A

Sheaths of connective tissue holding together bundles, tapers + blends at ends to form tendon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Structure of muscle fibre

A

Sarcolemma, transparent plasma membrane containing Sarcoplasm, the cytoplasm.

Myofibrils, parallel. (100 - 1000x)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Surrounds myofibrils, stores calcium ions, released during contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Myofilaments

A

Made of proteins, units involved in contractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Thick myofilament composition

A

Protein mysosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Thin myofilament composition

A

Protein actin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Sarcomeres

A

Unit of myofibril, between two Z-bands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

A bands

A

Length of thick myosin myofilament.

At the ends, thick and thin overlap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

I bands

A

Distance between thick myosin filaments, contains only thin filament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

H zone

A

Middle of A band, lighter as it contains only thick actin filament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Sliding filament theory

A

Thick & thin myofilaments slide over each other upon sufficient ATP and nerve impulse activation

Z lines draw closer, therefore sarcomere, fibres and muscle bundle shortens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Tendons

A

Inelastic connective tissue

Muscle to bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Why are muscles grouped in pairs

A

They can only contract, so opposite direction contraction to pull bone back is needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Agonist

A

Muscle producing desired action

Subjective, depends on definition of desirable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Antagonist
Produces opposite movement to agonist
26
Synergist
Helps agonist, produces same movement Or stabilises joint to prevent unwanted movement (fixator)
27
Fixator
Synergist that immobilises joint to prevent unwanted movement
28
Insertion
Moveable end of muscle
29
Origin
Stationary end of muscle
30
Muscle tone
Maintaining partial contraction - maintain posture
31
5 functions of skeleton
**Scaffold** to support body weight **Articulation** - points of attachment for muscles to allow movement **Protection** of vital organs **Red blood cell** production **Storage and release** of minerals and fat, (calcium, phosphorous, sodium, potassium)
32
Flat bone + example
Protects internal organs Sternum
33
Irregular bone + example
Variable shape, protects unique structure Vertebrae
34
Long bone + example
Longer than it is wide, supports weight + movement Femur
35
Short bones + example
Provide stability and some movement Carpals & tarsals
36
Axial skeleton + function
Central axis of body Protects central nervous system and organs, support posture
37
Appendicular skeleton + function
Upper & lower limbs, pectoral (shoulder) girdle, pelvic (hip girdle) Allow articulation of limbs with axial skeleton
38
Label red, and describe external & internal structure
Epiphysis - the enlarged ends of the bone, covered with a thin layer of cartilage Compact bone outside, **spongy bone** and **red bone marrow** inside
39
Label red and describe external & internal structure
Diaphysis - main portion of bone Hollow cylinder of compact bone surrounding a **medullary or yellow bone marrow** cavity, a fat storage site
40
Label red and describe external & internal structure
Periosteum - dense, white, fibrous outer covering of the bone. No periosteum at the joints, where the bone is covered with an articular cartilage.
41
Describe this structural feature of compact bone (red)
Osteon - aka Haversian systems, units that run parallel to long axis of bone, giving bone maximum strength
42
Describe this structural feature of compact bone (red)
Central / Haversian canal - contains blood capillaries, possibly lymph capillaries and nerves
43
Describe this structural feature of compact bone (red)
Lacunae - spaces in the matrix between the lamellae, occupied by **osteocytes**, bone cells
44
Describe this structural feature of compact bone (red)
Lamellae - concentric layers of bony matrix surrounding central canal
45
Describe this structural feature of compact bone (red)
Canaliculi - tiny canals running between lacunae. System allowing projections from osteocytes to reach others, allowing materials to be passed
46
Structure of spongy bone
Not organised into osteons **Trabeculae**, irregular arrangement of thin, bony plates. Osteocytes occupy spaces in trabeculae, and nerves + blood vessels pass through
47
Structure of cartilage
Connective tissue, contains protein fibres **collagen**, embedded in a matrix of a protein-carbohydrate complex called **chondrin**. Allows flexible structural support
48
Growth of cartilage
Chondroblasts - cartilage cells within matrix that produce matrix, surrounding itself with it until they are trapped in *lacunae*. Called **chondrocytes**, fully mature, when surrounded
49
Hyaline cartilage structure, function, location
Closely packed, very fine collagenous fibres throughout matrix Strength + flexibility Trachea, bronchi, articular cartilage
50
Fibrocartilage structure, function, location
Coarse appearance as thick collagenous fibres are parallel. Not as compacted, so can be compressed to withstand pressure, support weight Spinal column (between discs), meniscus
51
Elastic cartilage structure, function, location
Visible fibres, less packed than hyaline Flexible support External ear (fold ear down and let it go)
52
Rank three cartilage types in terms of compaction of collagenous fibres
Hyaline > Elastic > Fibro
53
Perichondrium and cartilage healing
Fibrous membrane of connective tissue covering cartilage Blood vessels in inner layer supply blood to cartilage As nutrients/waste have to diffuse through matrix, metabolism & replication is slow
54
Fibrous/fixed joints structure, function and location
Held by fibrous connective tissue, immovable Difficult to damage - bone breaks before joint gives way Sutures of skull, between teeth and jaw
55
Cartilaginous/slightly moveable joints structure, function and location
Held in place by cartilage, allowing some movement Between rib & sternum, between adjacent vertebrae
56
Synovial joints: State function and 6 types
Freely moveable, limited by ligaments, tendons, muscles, adjoining bones. Ball & socket, Hinge, Pivot, Gliding, Saddle, Condyloid
57
Ball & Socket joint: structure, 2 locations
Spherical head of one bone fits into cavity of other Head of humerus (ball) into scapula (socket) Head of femur (ball) into pelvis (socket)
58
Hinge joint: structure, movement allowed, examples
Convex surface of a bone fits into concave surface of the other Allows movement in one plane, like door hinge Elbows, knees, ankles
59
Pivot joint: structure, examples
Conical end of one bone articulates with a ring, formed by part bone, part ligament Radius & ulna, allows hand rotation
60
Gliding joint: movement allowed, examples
Movement in any direction, restricted by ligaments or bony processes surrounding it Between carpals, tarsals
61
Saddle joint: structure, movements allowed, one example
Concave in one direction and convex in the other Allows side-to-side and back-and-forth movements Only saddle joint is where thumb joins palm
62
Condyloid joints: structure, movement allowed, examples
Slightly convex surface fits into slightly concave Allow two directional movement, e.g. up & down or side to side, e.g. wagging finger Between metacarpals and phalanges
63
Osteoporosis & prevention
Loss of bone density, increasing risk of fracture Vitamin D, calcium, exercise, quit smoking
64
Osteoarthritis and causes
Gradual change in joints over time Joint cartilage deteriorates, allowing bony growths from the exposed ends, decreasing cavity space Ageing, irritation, wear, abrasion,

Human Bio (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions