The Foundation Flashcards
1
Q
When did early humans arrive on the Iberian Peninsula?
A
1.4 million years ago
2
Q
When did modern humans arrive on the Iberian Peninsula? Via what route?
A
35,000 years ago moving south across the Pyrenees Mountains [not from North Africa]
3
Q
When did Phoenicians arrive on the Iberian Peninsula? Via what route?
A
3,000 years ago from across Mediterranean Sea to the southern coast**
4
Q
Name 3 important cities established by the Phoenicians.
A
Gadir (Cadiz), Xera (Jerez), Malaka (Malaga) [not Tartessus - a semi-mythical ancient city in the Guadalquivir River basin described by Greeks, possibly present day Huelva.]
5
Q
What style of wine was first exported from Spain by the Phoenicians?
A
strong, sweet, white wine
6
Q
Who are the Iberians? Where was their origin? Where were their first settlements in Spain?
A
a prehistoric migrating tribe believed to be of North African origin, settled in the southern part of the peninsula
7
Q
Who are the Celts? Where was their origin? Where were their first settlements in Spain?
A
Celts, an Indo-European ethnolinguistic group of Europe, perhaps from a Central European homeland, spread across the peninsula’s northern reaches as early as 900 BCE [not coming from Ireland!]
8
Q
When did the Greeks arrive? Where were their original settlements in Spain?
A
mid-7th century BCE, seafaring explorers that settled along northeastern coast
9
Q
When did the Carthaginians arrive? Where were their original settlements in Spain?
A
Carthaginians were in Iberia from about 575 BCE until their defeat at Ilipa in 206 BCE. They annexed Phoenician areas and also settled along the east coast of the peninsula.
10
Q
What is the etymology of Iberian?
A
Greeks [not Romans] in the 7th century BCE named the peninsula Iberia after the river Iber (aka Ebro).
11
Q
What is “vinum ceretensis”?
A
Roman vinification method where grape must was boiled in order to concentrate flavor, then added to a fermenting must. This prolonged fermentation resulting in a strong, sweet, stable wine capable of aging and transport.
12
Q
Who were the Vascones?
A
Pre-Roman tribe, ancestors of modern-day Basques, that fought the Celtiberians over the fertile Ebro River valley.
13
Q
What is the etymology of ‘Hispania’?
A
it was the Roman [not Greek] name for the Iberian Peninsula and its provinces - many pre-Roman origins have been proposed, including Punic, Iberian, Basque, none of which are well supported.
14
Q
Who were the Visigoths? When did they control Iberia? What was their impact on wine production?
A
Visigoths were a Germanic tribe that ruled in Spain from 500-711 CE with a capital in Toledo. The conversion of their leaders to Christianity gave emphasis to wine through the church activities and innovative laws to encourage production.
15
Q
Who were the Moors? When did they control Iberia? What was their impact on wine production?
A
Arabs and Berbers from North Africa were in Spain for nearly 800 years starting in 711. They had wide spread rule until 1250 and were defeated in 1492. Initially they had an indifferent attitude to wine production which was allowed to continue but later they ordered destruction of some vineyards due to religious mandates.
16
Q
What was the trajectory of wine exports from Spain during Islamic rule?
A
Exports were minimal until the Reconquista extended to the south and Henry I of England in the 12th century promoted trade of ‘sherish’ wine from Jerez in exchange for wool.
17
Q
After Moorish indifference to wine production, when did new vinicultural techniques get introduced in Spain?
A
During the Reconquista, French monks, especially Cistercians, promoted wine production in the 12th century
18
Q
When did fortification of wine in Spain start?
A
fortification as a preservative for exportation was introduced by Dutch in southern Spain during the mid-1600s.**
19
Q
When was the Reconquista? (a symbolic name used to explain the series of campaigns whereby Christian states began to recapture territory from the Moors)
A
Beginning in 722 in Covadonga until 1492 in Granada, over seven centuries.**
20
Q
Who is Saint James?
A
James, was one of the Twelve Apostles, brother of St. John and considered the first apostle to be martyred, beheaded by Herrod in 44 CE in Jerusalem. He is the patron saint of Spain. According to legend, he had preached the gospel in Iberia and his remains were taken to Santiago de Compostela. No historical evidence for this legend exists. [not testable]
21
Q
What were the vinicultural contributions of the Cistercians in Spain?
A
site selection, extended maceration, refilling barrels, and creation of cellars for constant temperature [BMC Software: Barrel, Maceration, Cellars, Sites]
22
Q
What was the Spanish Inquisition?
A
established 1478 and abolished 1834, an effort by Catholic Monarchs to maintain Catholic orthodoxy in their kingdoms - root out heretics**
23
Q
Who was Don Manuel Quintano?
A
a young priest from a grape-growing family in Álava was the first(!) to encouraged Rioja winemakers to age their wine in barrels, but not widely adopted due to cost, lived 1756-1818**
24
Q
Who was Baldomero Espartero?
A
Spanish general and bodega owner who with Luciano Murrieta helped modernize Rioja’s wine industry, lived 1793 – 1879**
25
Who was Luciano Murrieta?
An innovative winemaker in Rioja who introduced large vats for crushing and fermentation in order to reduce heat and oxidation and re-introduced small oak barrels for aging; lived 1822 - 1911 (Ironically, he was born in America - Peru just prior to independence)**
26
What was the first area in Spain to be impacted by an American viticultural pathogen?
In the 1850s, vineyards in Galicia were ravaged by powdery mildew, also infected the Canary Islands in 1852 [about 50 years prior to arrival of phylloxera in Spain]
27
Who was Eloy Lecanda?
In 1864, Eloy Lecanda returned home from Bordeaux with cuttings of Cabernet Sauvignon, Malbec, and Merlot for the Vega Sicilia estate. **
28
Who was Josep Raventós i Fatjó?
In the 1860s, Josep Raventós i Fatjó traveled throughout Europe promoting the still wines of the Codorníu winery. After phylloxera devastated the vineyards of the Penedès region, predominantly red vineyards were replanted with indigenous white grapes and, in 1872, Raventós created the first Spanish sparkling wine, cava, using the same methodology as Champagne. ['reinvented' sparkling in Spain]**
29
After the death of Henry, King of Portugal in 1580, when was Portugal again recognized as an independent country?
with the “Treaty of Lisbon” in 1668
30
Name 3 significant artists and authors from El Siglo de Oro (The Golden Age).
Diego Velázquez, El Greco, Miguel de Cervantes, El Siglo de Oro lasted from 1556 to 1659.**
31
When was El Siglo de Oro (The Spanish Golden Age)? What were the political events bookending this time?
Politically, El Siglo de Oro lasted from the accession to the throne of Philip II of Spain in 1556 to the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659.
32
What was Spain's stance during World War II (1939-1945)?
although sympathetic to Fascist Germany and Italy, Spain officially remained neutral
33
What was Spain's stance during World War I (1914–1918)?
neutral, supplying wine to both sides
34
When did Francisco Franco rule Spain?
1939-1975
35
What and where was the effect of Franco's rule on the Spanish wine industry?
reduced access to the foreign investment, dormant vineyards, conversion to wheat cultivation; the vineyards of Cataluña and Valencia were particularly hard hit (as they were more resistant to Franco's takeover)
36
What is the current political structure in Spain?
Spain ratified a constitution in 1978 becoming a constitutional monarchy.
37
After Franco's rule, what two political events favored the rebound of the Spanish wine industry?
adoption of a new constitution in 1978 and joining the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1986
38
What percent of Spanish vineyards is suitable for the production of PDO wines?
85%
39
When was the Spanish Denominación de Origen/Denomination of Origin (DO) system established by the Wine Statute?
1932
40
When was the creation of a superior quality level, Denominaciones de Origen Calificada (DOCa) which ranked above the DO designation in prestige?
In 1988
41
When were the specific DOCas granted?
Rioja was awarded DOCa status in 1991 and Priorat was granted DOCa (DOQ in Catalan) status in 2009.
42
What are the five quality wine designations which fall under the DOP category under Spanish wine laws, number of each in 2024?
DOCa (DOQ) - 2, DO - 69, VC - 7, VPCa (VPQ) - 0, VP - 25 [does not include IGP; unlikely to ever be a VPCa]
43
What is the cost of DOCa wine?
by law, the average is at least twice the national average of DO cost
44
What was the original purpose wire netting used on bottles of Rioja?
originally used to prevent counterfeiting; now for marketing of tradition
45
What are the quality categories for wines with geographical origin?
two: a) Denominación de Origen Protegida (DOP) or
Protected Designation of Origin (PDO),
b) Vino de Indicación Geográfica Protegida (IGP) or
Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) This includes Vino de la Tierra (VT) - 43 designations
46
What are the quality categories for wines without geographical origin?
just one: Vino/Wine
47
According to European Union standardized wine labeling law, what information is required on every EU label?
```
Name of the quality wine designation.
Name of the region/appellation
Actual alcoholic strength by volume
Country of origin
Name of the bottler/producer
Volume
Also for imported wines, the name of the importer is required; for sparkling wine, the sugar content must be listed [QRABC-IS; but not aging classification, wine name, vintage or variety]
48
What is relative size of Spain in Europe? and how much of the Iberian Peninsula does it occupy?
Spain is the third-largest country in Europe and occupies approximately 85% of the Iberian Peninsula.
49
What is relative mountainous area of Spain in context of Europe?
Spain is the third-most mountainous country in Europe and the second highest.
50
How much of Spain is covered by a large central plateau, the Meseta?
45% **
51
What is the highest major capital in Europe?
Madrid [2188'; even higher than Bern, Switzerland at 1772', however, Andorra la Vella (a minor capital) is higher at 3356']
52
What is the most significant mountain range in Spain?
the Pirineos
53
What is the highest peak in Spain?
Pico del Teide/Mount Teide, on the island of Tenerife at 12,198 ft
54
What mountain range separates the Meseta from El Valle del Ebro?
Sistema Ibérico
55
What mountain range separates Green Spain (north/northwest coastal Spain) from the highlands of central Spain?
The Cordillera Cantábrica crosses four of Spain’s autonomous regions
56
The Cordillera Cantábrica crosses what four of Spain’s autonomous regions?
Asturias, Cantabria, Pais Vasco, Castillo y Leon [not Galicia or La Rioja, although it does extend to Basque area of Rioja DOCa]
57
What mountain ranges separate Andalucía from the plains of Extremadura?
the Sierra Morena
58
What are the two primary mountain ranges in the Sistema Central?
The Sierra de Guadarrama which runs along the border of the autonomous communities of Madrid and Castilla y León; and the Sierra de Gredos which stretches from the border between Castilla y León and Castilla-La Mancha to Extremadura. **
59
Where is the Sierra de Guadarrama?
runs along the border of the autonomous communities of Madrid and Castilla y León forming an eastern portion of the Sistema Central
60
Where is the Sierra de Gredos?
stretches from the border between Castilla y León and Castilla-La Mancha to Extremadura; it is a western portion of the Sistema Central mountains.
61
Name the 6 primary rivers in Spain (listed by length in the Iberian Peninsula).
Tajo/Tagus/Tejo River, Ebro River, Duero/Douro River, Guadiana River, Guadalquivir River and Jucar River. [TED-GiGaJ]
62
Name the longest Spanish rivers that flow west to east.
Ebro River and Jucar River, all other longer rivers flow south and west.
63
What rivers are separated by the Montes de Toledo?
the Montes de Toledo separate the Tajo (on the north side) and Guadiana (on the south side) rivers
64
What is the etymology of Guadalquivir?
The modern name of Guadalquivir comes from the Arabic meaning "great river". [located in formerly Moorish Spain]
65
What is the etymology of Guadiana?
From Roman times, "the river of ducks'; guad derives from wadi - Arabic for river and anas - Latin for duck
66
What is Pico Almanzor?
part of the Sierra de Gredos, is the highest point of the Sistema Central at 8,501 ft/2,591 m.
67
What is Pico del Teide?
located in the Canary Islands, an active volcano and Spain’s highest peak
68
What is the largest Spanish city along the Tajo River?
The largest Spanish settlement along the Tajo is Toledo, the capital of Castilla-La Mancha. [Of course, downstream Lisbon in Portugal is larger.]
69
When was irrigation legalized in Spain? What was the driver for this change?
1996, following the droughts of 1994 and 1995
70
What is the most visited national park in Europe?
Teide National Park in the Canary Islands
71
What is mainland Spain’s highest peak? Belonging to which mountain range?
Mulhacén, represents the highest point in mainland Spain at 11,414 ft/3,479 m; included within the Sistema Penibética is the Sierra Nevada mountain range [southern Spain, not in the Pyrenees!]
72
What are the significant lowland areas in Spain?
Spain has two significant lowland areas: the Ebro Basin and the Andalusian Plain. [The Duero River basin is a massive plain, but not lowland.]
73
What mountain range bisects the western part of the autonomous community of
Castilla-La Mancha?
Montes de Toledo
74
What set of mountain ranges in the southeastern part of Spain extend from the Gulf of Cádiz to the southern coast of Valencia where it dips below the sea and resurfaces as the Islas Baleares?
the Sistema Bético
75
What is Punic?
Punic is the adjective to describe anything Carthaginian. Their language, Punic, was a dialect of Phoenician.
76
What is the VC quality wine designation? When was it created?
In 2003, a new category was created: Vino de Calidad con Indicación Geográfica; typically a transitional stage between the Vino de la Tierra (IGP) and the DO label. The region must spend a minimum of five years as a VC prior to applying for promotion to DO status.
77
Shale, slate and schist belong to what soil type?
Metamorphic rocks
78
Where are the metamorphic soil areas in Spain primarily found?
They exist primarily in the northern part of the country near the Cordillera Cantábrica, the Sistema Ibérico, and the Cordilleras Costero-Catalanas. This includes Galicia and País Vasco, Castilla y León, some parts of Rioja, Aragón, Navarra, and parts of Cataluña.
79
What is llicorella?
Priorat (Cataluña) is home to a type of metamorphic soil called llicorella. This soil is unique to this area. It is a thin layer of decomposed Devonian, carboniferous shale with low organic content.
80
What is the difference between chalk and limestone?
Chalk is a soft, white, porous form of limestone.
81
What areas of Spain are composed of sedimentary soils?
The vast coastline of Spain and the Meseta are predominantly sedimentary. This includes Castilla- La Mancha, Madrid, the majority of Cataluña, Murcia, Extremadura, and Andalucía. (Parts of Rioja have important limestone soils.)
82
Sand, clay, and alluvial deposits belong to what type of soil?
sedimentary soils
83
What soil type is typical for Andalucía?
chalk
84
What is albariza?
this chalky soil is an extremely light-colored soil which contains 30 to 80 percent chalk mixed with limestone, sand, and clay. It has the ability to absorb and retain large amounts of water during the rainy season; it is unique to Andalucía
85
What is unique about the vineyards in Lanzarote?
Vines are planted in shallow holes with larger volcanic stones balanced around the rims to form windblocks.
86
What is the dominant soil of Rías Baixas?
granite, an igneous rock
87
Where in Spain are volcanic soils found?
The Islas Canarias [the Islas Baleares are an offshore manifestation of the Sistema Bético, not volcanic]
88
What is the longest river entirely within the borders of Spain?
Ebro River
89
Where does the Ebro River originate?
Cordillera Cantábrica in northern Spain
90
Where does the Duero River originate?
originating high in the Sistema Ibérico, north of Soria
91
What are the primary climatic zones of mainland Spain?
maritime, continental, and Mediterranean
92
What areas of Spain have a primary maritime climate?
Green Spain: Galicia, Asturias, Cantabria, and País Vasco
93
What geographic feature forms the border between Green Spain and the Meseta?
The Cordillera Cantábrica
94
What is the rainfall pattern in Green Spain outside of Galicia?
Rainfall is abundant year-round, particularly in winter on the coast.
95
What is the rainfall pattern in Galicia?
Galicia normally experiences consistently heavily rainfall (during the winter) with the western portion seeing less rain than the eastern part [in the mountains]
96
What area of Spain has the lowest average year round temperature?
Green Spain, lacking hot summers
97
What area of Spain experiences the most frequent and highest amount of rainfall?
Green Spain experiences the most frequent and highest amount of rainfall.
98
What part of Spain possesses a continental climate?
The central part of Spain, the Meseta, which encompasses Madrid, Castilla-La Mancha, Castilla y León, Extremadura, and parts of Aragón and Navarra.
99
What area of Spain has the lowest winter temperatures?
Madrid [not the area with the highest mountains]
100
The continental climate is conducive to what type of grape varieties?
early ripening varieties (e.g. Tempranillo) avoid threat of fall frost
101
When is the rainy season in the Meseta?
two rainy seasons: spring and autumn - the rainier season is spring in the north while the south experiences a rainier autumn
102
What climatic zone has the lowest average rainfall in mainland Spain?
The Mediterranean climatic zone [not the Meseta!]
103
Where is the Mediterranean climatic zone in Spain?
It stretches from the Andalusian Plain along the southern and eastern coasts up to the Pirineos. The Islas Baleares also have a Mediterranean climates.
104
What climatic zone has the highest summer temperatures?
The Mediterranean climatic zone [not continental zone]
105
What is the difference between granite and volcanic rock?
Both are igneous rocks, formed from magma or molten rock. Granite forms below the surface with slow cooling and large crystals. Volcanic rocks are formed above ground with fast cooling and small cooling.
106
What are the characteristics of grape varieties that do best in Green Spain?
cool-climate varieties boasting fresh acidity and fruit-forward characteristics.
107
Which climatic zone has the widest diurnal and seasonal variations?
Continental
108
Which portion of the Mediterranean zone experiences the most rainfall?
The northern part of the Mediterranean zone, which includes Cataluña and the surrounding areas, has humid winters and moderate summers
109
What is the Leveche wind and where and when is it most notable?
a hot, dry, dust-laden southwest wind originating over North Africa; it is felt most strongly in Valencia and Alicante in springtime.
110
What is the Levante wind and where and when is it most notable?
a strong, cool, easterly wind which is funneled between the Cordillera Penibética and the Atlas Mountains in North Africa. It can blow for days at a time and heralds dry, clear weather.
111
What is the Solano and where and when is it most notable?
A synonym for Levante wind [the sun rises in the east]
112
What is the difference of naming direction of ocean currents and winds?
The direction of ocean currents is the direction where the current is flowing towards, and the direction of wind is named as the direction from where it is blowing. [sea towards > 'seaward']
113
What is the Poniente and where and when is it most notable?
a wind that blows from the west through southern Andalucía, bringing much-needed humid air to the sherry-producing regions
114
What is the climate of the Islas Canarias?
subtropical climate (aka “perfect”)
115
What is the official language in Spain?
In addition to Castilian Spanish, co-official languages include Catalan, Basque, Valencian, and Galician [the Iberian language went extinct 2000 years ago]
116
When was the Spanish Constitution ratified?
1978, three years after Franco's death
117
Where does Spain rate in terms of the world’s total wine production, wine exports and export value.
third, first, third
118
What are the top three wine producing communities of Spain?
Castilla-La Mancha, Cataluña, and Rioja [not the same as 3 top producing DO's: RdD, Toro, Rueda]
119
What are the top 6 grape varieties in Spain?
Airen, Tempranillo, Bobal, Garnacha Tinta, Viura and Monastrell [Always taste black grape vines maturely.]
120
What is the most planted non-native grape variety in Spain?
Garnacha Tintorera (Alicante Bouchet)**
121
What are the primary vine training systems used in Spain?
pergola, gobelet, and vertical shoot positioning (VSP).
122
What is the “marco real” planting method? Where is it used most often? What is the advantage?
a unique system whereby vines are planted in a chessboard-like pattern spaced approximately 8 ft/2.5 m apart in all directions; done in many of the warmest parts of the country; minimizes hydric stress.
123
What is espaldera?
translates to trellis, used to refer to VSP training [espalda is back, shoots come from back or cordon]
124
What is en vaso?
gobelet training
125
What is en cabeza?
head trained, where the head of the vine is trained in a downward position allowing the leaves to protect the fruit growing below, aka en vaso
126
What is a parra/parral?
a wire trellis used in pergola training; refers to pergola
127
What is the Spanish genetic connection to Carmenère?
Spanish native grapes Cabernet Franc and Gros Cabernet crossed (probably in Bordeaux) to produce Carmenère.
128
What white Spanish grape variety has been widely planted internationally?
Originating, and still grown in northern Spain (Cataluña and Aragón), Garnacha Blanca is a major component of the wines of France’s Châteauneuf-du-Pape and other appellations within the southern Rhône. It is also grown in California. **
129
What is mutage? Where and when did it begin?
the process of adding spirit to must to obtain a stable sweet wine; starting in 1285, Arnald de Villonova a physician/alchemist residing in Montpellier, discovered the art of “mutage,”
130
What is a tinaja?
Spanish earthenware clay jar for fermentation and wine storage
131
What is the shape of a (Roman) amphora?
An amphora would be skinny, with a completely conical bottom and have hooked handles at the shoulders
132
What is relationship between an amphora and a tinaja?
Some of the earliest vessels ever used for transport, storage, and fermentation of wine were clay based earthenware called amphora. They are called by different names, Qvevri in Georgia, Anfora in Italy, Tinaja in Spain, Talha in Portugal, or Karas in Armenia. The Spanish tinaja is often 200-400 liters, large enough for fermentation.
133
What are the differences between aging in oak and amphora?
Compared to oak, in amphora, one sees faster oxygenation, more acid reduction and automatic fining (clarification). Amphora do not require battonage.
134
What is qvevri?
(pronounced kway-vree) - huge earthenware, inverse teardrop–shaped vessels from Georgia, a type of amphora.
135
What are the differences between qvevri and amphora?
Both are earthenware jars for wine fermentation or transportation but shapes and location of use differ with qvevri being Georgian and amphora often Roman; many distinguish amphora by it's pointed base
136
Why did historical Spanish winemakers favor American oak?
It was less expensive and it imparted strong flavors to the wine, especially vanilla.
137
What is the Spanish home for historically produced rosados?
rosados were quite popular with the Spanish aristocracy during the 13th to 15th centuries; most hailed from Cigales in Castilla y León.
138
Which grape varieties are most commonly used for rosado production in Spain?
Garnacha and Tempranillo
139
When was the first official mention of the term cava as a vino espumoso (sparkling wine)?
1959
140
What is the legal definition of cava?
use of the traditional production method of fermentation in the bottle coupled with cellar aging; only those wines produced within DO Cava may legally carry the name, others are designated as “Vinos Espumosos de Calidad” (Quality Sparkling Wines).
141
What is the licor de tiraje?
a mixture of yeast and sugar used to initiate a second fermentation [Liqueur de Tirage]
142
Where was the first machine for a mechanized riddling device developed?
Although a patent for the “gyro” was filed by two Frenchmen in 1968, Spain was the first to actually develop such a machine and use it (1970s).
143
What is a girasol?
the first machine for a mechanized riddling device
144
What are vinos generosos?
fortified wines
145
What grapes are authorized for sherry production?
Palomino, Pedro Ximénez, and Moscatel, plus the destilado, usually made from Airen
146
What is destilado?
a distilled wine usually made from the Airén grape from La Mancha, used to fortify Sherry
147
Name the DO exclusively dedicated to the production of vino dulce.
Málaga DO
148
What is the signature grape of the island of Lanzarote (Islas Canarias)?
Malvasia volcanic, the island of Lanzarote is home to the largest expanse of Malvasia vineyards in Europe (accounting for over 75% of the island's grapes)
149
What is Fondillón?
a vinos dulce made from overripe Monastrell grapes that almost turn to raisins on the vine. It is naturally sweet and aged a minimum of 10 years, sometimes in solera; it is made in Alicante. [Fon>Mon] **
150
What was the Reconquista?
a symbolic name used to explain the series of campaigns whereby Christian states began to recapture territory from the Islamists (Moors) (722-1492 CE)
151
Where was the oldest known human DNA in Iberia found?
The oldest known human DNA in Iberia comes from a 19,000-year-old female skeleton found in 2010 in the El Mirón cave in eastern Cantabria, a member of a band of Ice Age hunter-gatherers. [human DNA found in Belgium dates back 35,000 years]
152
When did the ice age end?
about 10,000 BCE
153
When did pre-historic farmers arrive in Iberia?
about 5,500 BCE
154
What was the final admixture of pre-historic DNA from the early hunter-gathers and and the later arriving farmers?
90% farmers and 10% hunter-gathers (not testable, but interesting as the future viticulturists won out)
155
In Spain, what additional labeling item must be present on sparkling wine compared to still wine?
sugar level**
156
Name the three primary vine training systems used in Spain.
Parral/Pergola, En vaso/Gobelet/bush/head trained, and Espaldera/Vertical Shoot Positioning** ["vara y pulgar" (stick and thumb) training is used in Jerez and Rioja.]
157
Which major river in Spain flows east into the Mediterranean Sea rather than westward into the Atlantic?
Ebro River** (also the shorter Jucar River flows in same direction)
158
What organization does each Consejo Regulador report to?
Instituto Nacional de Denominaciones de Origen (DO National Institute)
159
What are the two significant lowland areas in Spain?
Ebro Basin, Andalusian Plain** [The Duero River Basin is larger, but located in the high plain and not a lowland area.]
160
Which method of trellising allows drip irrigation to be installed?
Espaldera/VSP**
161
What is the genetic identify of the Malvasia grape in Lanzarote?
unique DNA fingerprint differentiates it from Malvasia somethings in Italy, thought to be a natural and local cross between Malvasia di Lipari and the local Marmajuelo
162
What is an autonomous community in Spain?
One of 17 regions in Spain with its own capital and the right to self-government. [Analogous to a State]
163
What are four quality standards used by a DO are set by the Consejo Regulador?
Use of authorized grape varieties, production levels, winemaking methods, and aging times.**
164
What is the highest peak in the Pirineos?
Aneto in Aragón
165
Where in Spain was the use of drip irrigation first used in the 1970s?
Estate of Marqués de Griñón near Toledo [He studied at UC Davis. Irrigation was not legalized in Spain until the mid '90's.]
166
What was the difference between the White and Red Terror of the Spanish Civil War?
Historians of the Spanish Civil War concurred that the mass killings realized behind the Nationalist front lines (White Terror) were organized and approved by the Nationalist rebel authorities, while the killings behind the Republican front lines (Red Terror) resulted from the societal breakdown of the Second Spanish Republic.
167
In the Spanish Civil War, what defined the Nationalists?
Led by Franco, also called "insurgents", "rebels" or, by opponents, Franquistas or "fascists" — opposed the separatist movements. They were chiefly defined by their anti-communism. Their leaders had a generally wealthier, more conservative, monarchist, landowning background with ties to the church.
168
In the Spanish Civil War, what defined the Republicans?
The Republic's supporters within Spain ranged from centrists who supported a moderately-capitalist liberal democracy to revolutionary anarchists who opposed the Republic but sided with it against the coup forces. Their base was primarily secular and urban and was particularly strong in industrial regions like Asturias, the Basque country, and Catalonia
169
What were the last two Republican holdouts during the the Spanish Civil War?
the provinces of Valencia and Barcelona [wine making suffered in these areas during the subsequent Franco years with little government support, including conversion of vineyards to other agricultural crops]
170
Where was the capital of Spain during the the Spanish Civil War?
started in Madrid, moved to Valencia, then to Barcelona as the Nationalists consolidated their power. [This is relevant to wine production as Franco later maintained his animosity to these areas while he was in power to the detriment of wine production there.]
171
What is rectified concentrated grape must?
a sugar solution, derived from grape must; ideal for sweetening wine or enriching must
172
What issues affecting wine were addressed in Visigoth law?
1) waiver from church attendance during harvest 2) generous compensation after destruction of vineyards or theft of grapes (more of a positive effect than previously appreciated) 3) mandatory replanting of vines that were dug out.
