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Chemistry > The function of digestion > Flashcards

The function of digestion Flashcards

1
Q

What is the structural organization of multicellular organisms?

A

Atoms, molecules, organelles, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organism

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2
Q

What does the digestive system do?

A

Breaks down food into a soluble state so that it can be absorbed and used for energy

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3
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

It is the system of fluids, where they would take any leaking fluid from the vessels and bring them back. This also involves immune system (white blood cells)

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4
Q

What is the organ system interrelationship (plus examples)?

A

How systems relate to each other.
ex. Skin system protects the body from outside, digestive and respiratory systems both take nutrients and oxygen (disturbed by blood) from the outside, waste is released by respiratory system (CO2) and urinary system

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5
Q

What 3 fluids are we made of?

A

Fluid in the cytoplasm, fluid between the cells, and fluid in the blood

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6
Q

What are some inorganic matter in these fluids?

A

Hydrogen ions, water, etc. Inorganic meaning non living

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7
Q

What are the macromolecule groups and what is another name for them?

A
  • Carbs, protein, lipids, and nucleic acid
  • Essential nutrients
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8
Q

What is the chemical equation of carbs?

A

For every 1 C = 2 H + 1 O = CH2O

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9
Q

What are the types of carbs?

A
  1. simple sugars
  2. Polysaccharides
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10
Q

What are simple sugars?

A
  • the smallest unit of carbs that is able to fit through the cell membrane
  • monosaccharides (1 sugar) = 3-7 carbon (any of the -oses)
  • disaccharides (2 sugars) = 2 monosaccharides (any type of food)
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11
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A
  • Multiple simple sugars connected together
  • known as complex carbs (anything that sounds complex)
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12
Q

What are the properties of lipids?

A
  1. Insoluble in water
  2. Structure = molecule of glycerol with 3 carbon atoms –> attached to fatty acid chain (acid with long tail of carbon and hydrogen atom)
  3. Function as energy storage molecules
  4. Digestion starts in small intestine
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13
Q

Properties of protein:

A
  1. made from subunits of amino acids –> bond together and make peptide bonds to form a chain of polypeptides
  2. made of C, H, O, S, P, N
  3. Enzymes are special proteins
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14
Q

Properties of nucleic acid:

A
  • Help growth and development using chemical code
  • 2 types = RNA and DNA
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15
Q

What is macromolecules?

A

small molecules come together to make a very large molecule. Which are used a nutrients to give energy, regulate cell activities, and build/repair issues

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16
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Total of chemical reactions that occur in an organism

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17
Q

What is essential nutrients?

A

nutrients that the body can not produce → obtain from food

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18
Q

What is monosccharides?

A

simple sugar that have 3-7 carbon atoms

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19
Q

What is disaccharide?

A

a sugar made of 2 monosaccharides molecules

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20
Q

What is polusaccharides?

A

large molecule made up of many linked monosaccharide molecules

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21
Q

What is glycogen?

A

a type of polysaccharide made up of glucose units

22
Q

What are lipids?

A

organic compound that does not dissolve in water

23
Q

What are amino acids?

A

a building block of protein

24
Q

What is peptide bonds?

A

a bond that holds together the amino acid in protein

25
Q

What is polypeptide?

A

a chain of several amino acids linked by peptide

26
Q

What are the main functions of carbs?

A
  • provides materials to build cell membrane
  • provide quick energy for use by cells
27
Q

What is the main function of lipids?

A
  • store energy reserve for later use by cells
  • cushion and insulate internal organs
  • provide materials to build cell membrane
28
Q

Main functions of proteins?

A
  • provide structure and support blood cells, tissues and muscles
  • aid in muscle movement like contraction
  • act as catalysts
  • provide immunity against infection and diseases
  • transport ions in cell membrane
29
Q

Main functions of nucleic acid?

A
  • contain the organism’s genetic information
  • direct the organism’s growth
30
Q

What is the main function of hydrolysis?

A

to chemically breakdown foods with adding water molecules with the use of enzymes

31
Q

What does the enzymes do for hydrolysis?

A

helps break the bond and acts as a catalysts

32
Q

What are the 4 types of enzymes?

A
  1. Carbohydrase –> carbs
  2. Lipase –> lipids
  3. Protease –> protein
  4. Nuclease –> nucleic acid
33
Q

What does carbs + carbohydrase produce?

A
  • Simple sugars (monosaccharides)
34
Q

What do lipase and lipids produce?

A

glycerol and fatty acids

35
Q

What does protease and protein produce?

A

Amino acids

36
Q

What does nuclease and nucleic acid produce?

A

nucleotides

37
Q

What is the key function of calcium?

A
  • forming bones
  • conducting nerve signals
  • contracting muscles
  • clotting blood
38
Q

What is the key function of Iron?

A
  • produces hemoglobins
39
Q

What is the key function of magnesium?

A
  • supporting enzymes functions
  • producing protein
40
Q

What is the key function of potassium?

A
  • conducting nerve signals
  • contracting muscles
41
Q

What is the key function of sodium?

A
  • conducting nerve signals
  • balance body fluids
42
Q

What is the key function of vitamin A?

A
  • good vision
  • healthy skin and bones
43
Q

What is the key function of vitamin B1?

A
  • metabolizing carbs
  • growth and muscle tone
44
Q

What is the key function of vitamin C?

A
  • healthy bones, teeth, gums, and blood vessels
  • boost immune system
45
Q

What is the key function of vitamin D?

A
  • absorb calcium
  • forming bones
46
Q

What is the key function of vitamin E?

A
  • strengthening red blood cell membrane
47
Q

What is the main roles of water?

A
  • Transport nutrients to cells (small intestine
  • Flush toxins
  • Lubricate joints and tissues
  • Forms essential fluids (blood and mucus)
  • Regulating blood temp by sweating
  • Eliminating waste by urine and sweat
48
Q

What are the types of feeding mechanisms?

A
  1. filter feeders (suck in water to get small organisms)
  2. Substrate feeders (live in their own food)
  3. Fluid feeders (suck/lick nutrient rich things)
  4. Bulk feeders (eat large pieces of meat)
49
Q

What is the digestion process?

A
  1. ingestion - eating food
  2. digestion - breakdown of food by mechanical and chemical process → turn to molecules
  3. absorption - transporting molecules from digestive system to circulatory system to rest of the body
  4. elimination
50
Q

What is an alimentary canal?

A
  • digestive track
  • 1 end = mouth
  • another end = anus
51
Q

What is the process of alimentary canal in humans?

A
  • Food enters in mouth and physical is broken by teeth
  • Food is further broken as it goes through the digestive tract by muscular contractions → called mechanical digestion
    a) Ex. chewing (mastication), peristalsis (wave like contraction in esophagus), grinding and churning in stomach for further mechanical digestion
  • fluid-releasing glands (salivary amylase) in the mouth and digestive tract add liquid and enzymes → chemical digestion –> where energy is released
52
Q

Why do herbivores and omnivores have longer digestive tract?

A

Due to the fact that plants have cellulose walls and it becomes harder to break down -> so they need that extra time for digestion

Chemistry (16 decks)

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