THE FUNDAMENTALS OF CO AND PEOPLE EMPOWERMENT Flashcards
(174 cards)
1
Q
These problems are brought about by the operational breakdown of either the producing system or the consuming public.
A
RESIDUAL PROBLEMS
2
Q
This refers to the irrelevant or defective social policies and community decision-making process which need to be changed or modified as they adversely affect the interest and welfare of the majority of the people.
A
INSTITUTIONAL PROBLEMS
3
Q
While casework and social groupwork focus its concern with the individual’s dysfunction, community organization is concern with what dysfunction?
A
SYSTEM’S DYSFUNCTION
4
Q
The _______ therefore consists in bringing about necessary changes in the functions, policies, programs, and services or practices of existing organizations and institutions rather than engaging in clinical treatment.
A
CO INTERVENTION
5
Q
Since the early ’70s, this kind of planning had been advocated by NEDA.
A
BOTTON-UP PLANNING
6
Q
A group of people gathered together in a geographic area, large or small, who have common interests, actual or potentially recognized in the social welfare field. (Arlene Johnson)
A
COMMUNITY
7
Q
He developed the concept of COMMUNITY as a multitude of systems many of which were influenced by their vertical relationship than by their horizontal relationship.
A
ROLAND WARREN
8
Q
Refers to the people in a specific geographic area as the village; barangay, sitio, district, municipality, city, province, region, nation, or the world. thus, we refer for example to our world as “a community of nations”.
A
GEOGRAPHIC COMMUNITY
9
Q
Composed of people who hold common values, share common functions or express some common interests such as education, health, livelihood, labor, welfare, or recreation. Example, the community chest, the professional community, the fish folk community, the banking community.
A
FUNCTIONAL COMMUNITY
10
Q
The orderly arrangement of group effort to provide unity of action in the pursuit of common purpose.
A
ORGANIZATION
11
Q
A process of identifying problems and needs, prioritizing them, formulating solutions in solving problems/ attaining needs and implementing them through cooperative and collaborative efforts which results to improved capacity in community problem-solving process and community integration. (Murray Ross)
A
COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION
12
Q
The process of matching needs with resources and as a conscious process of social interaction. (Arthur Dunham)
A
COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION
13
Q
Three types of objectives in CO as defined by Arthur Dunham.
A
Task goals, Process goals, and Relationship goals
14
Q
Is a variable which affects the potential and the rate of community change obtainable at a given time.
A
READINESS TO CHANGE
15
Q
Social ills are ______, and Social welfare provisions are ___________.
A
Inter-related & Inter-dependent
16
Q
Are concerned with concrete tasks to be undertaken to meet specific needs and people’s aspirations or to solve particular problems.
A
TASK GOALS
17
Q
Are concerned with the process of helping people in a community or group strengthen their quality of participation, self-direction and cooperation.
A
PROCESS GOALS
18
Q
Are focuses in changing certain types of relationships and decision-making process in a community by diffusing power to a wider base.
A
RELATIONSHIP GOALS
19
Q
The focus of community organization which highlights ignorance, negative values of bahal na, ningas cogon, and maniana habit, exploitation of the weak and ignorant and some oppressive social structures.
A
REMOVAL OF BLOCKS GROWTH
20
Q
it is a method of social work is the least known and inadequately taught in the schools of social work in the Philippines.
A
COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION
21
Q
This breakdown results to gaps in services and lack of resources.
A
RESIDUAL PROBLEMS
22
Q
were misnomers in actual practice. With the enactment of the 1991 Local Government Code however, there is now a bright promise for people empowerment and countryside development.
A
GRASSROOTS PLANNING OR BOTTOM-UP PLANNING
23
Q
It is a process of finding solutions to social problems by redistributing resources, functions and decision-making power (Perlman and Gurin).
A
COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION
24
Q
Values of Community organization
A
- A commitment to democratic process and goals
- The right of a client community to self-determination
- Belief on the capacity of people to change
- Belief on the innate dignity of the individual in the community
- The commitment to seek social justice
25
This means that the people should undergo the process of identifying their own problems and needs; analyze and solve them by participating in the problem-solving and decision-making process so that the changes sought for would be a felt need and the resultant change would endure and not just be Ningas Cogon.
CHANES IN WHICH INDIVIDUALS, GROUPS AND COMMUNITIES DETERMINE THEIR OWN DESTINY IN A DEMOCRATIC PROCESS HAVE A BETTER CHANCE OF ENDURING THAN CHANGES THAT ARE IMPOSED
26
Thus, would entails people’s social preparation for change. It can be brought about through consciousness raising, education, information dissemination, demonstration
READINESS TO CHANGE IS A VARIABLE WHICH AFFECTS THE POTENTIAL AND THE RATE OF COMMUNITY CHANGE OBTAINABLE AT A GIVEN TIME.”
27
People’s involvement in problem-solving and decision-making in their own community problem and needs would enable them to learn how to participate in democratic processes even in a national scale.
SKILLS IN PARTICIPATING IN DEMOCRATIC PROCESS CAN BE TAUGHT AND LEARNED BY INDIVIDUAL AND GROUPS.”
28
The greater good for the greatest number is the primary goal of every society. Thus, individual interest should be harmonized with society’s primary goal wherein the majority’s benefit and interest override any individual’s self-interest. We have therefore laws as the Land Reform Program which distributes land ownership to a large number of families which are owned by one or few families. This is being done as this unjust situation causes social unrest and would therefore be inimical to the welfare of society as a whole.
SOCIETY CAN PROVIDE WAYS TO ACHIEVE MAXIMUM COMPATIBILITY OF INDIVIDUAL AND COMMUNITY INTEREST.”
29
The livelihood programs as providing capital for income-generating projects, family life education, primary health care, establishment of day care center for preschoolers, cooperatives, and recreating facilities are examples of these social and human welfare programs designed to prevent and reduce social ills in our society.
SOCIAL WELFARE PROVISIONS, SERVICES, AND PROGRAMS CAN ENHANCE HUMAN WELFARE AND PREVENT AND REDUCE SOCIAL ILLS.
30
Society can derive maximum benefits when social welfare programs and services are integrated and coordinated among existing welfare agencies working in the communities since social ills are interrelated and social welfare provision are interdependent.
PLANNING, COORDINATION, AND INTEGRATION OF SOCIAL WELFARE PROVISIONS ARE BY INDIVIDUALS; SOCIAL ILLS ARE INTERRELATED., AND SOCIAL WELFARE PROVISIONS ARE INTERDEPENDENT.”
31
This can be achieved through people’s participation in community activities, projects and especially in the problem-solving and decision-making process. the people have also to be recipients of training programs like leadership training, seminars on cooperatives, nutrition, primary health care, livelihood programs, skills training, disaster preparedness.
THE RELEASE OF POTENTIALITIES IN THE INDIVIDUAL, GROUP, AND COMMUNITY AS A WHOLE
32
Indigenous leader’s capacity to lead can be further developed if given important and challenging roles as committee chairman or take charge of a community activity or project. He should be given wide latitude in making-decision and the proper orientation and training for his assigned role. learning by doing is an effective method of developing the leadership potentials of an individual.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CAPACITY OF INDIGENOUS LEADERS TO LEAD TO MANAGE AND FUNCTION IN THEIR ASSIGNED SOCIAL ROLES IN THE COMMUNITY.
33
This can be done if all sectoral plans and activities are integrated in one community plan and when the implementation of said plans and activities are done through the cooperative and collaborative efforts of the different sectors involved in planning with the people. Thus the plans of the government sectors, the private sectors, (NGOs, civic and business organization) and they religious sector need to be integrated into one community plan to avoid competition and duplication of services and activities involving the same target client system.
DEVELOPING THE ABILITY OF DIFFERENT SECTORS IN THE COMMUNITY TO FUNCTION AS AN INTEGRATED WHOLE.
34
The people should not be mere recipients of development efforts. They should be involved in planning activities that affect their lives from problem/need identification, analyzing their identifies problems/needs, planning for their solutions, implementation. People’s participation in these community activities would develop and enhance their capacity to solve their problems and meet their needs in a cooperative manner.
STRENGTHENING PEOPLE’S CAPACITY FOR PROBLEM-SOLVING, DECISION-MAKING AND COOPERATION.
35
A self-reliant and self-managed community is the primary goals of community organization. thus the people should learn to tap and make full use of their own resources before tapping external resources. A community, no matter how depressed, has its own inner resources to tap as human resources and natural resources like spring for water supply, raw materials such as forest products like rattan, nito, wild fruits, wild honey, marine products, clay. The value of self-reliance need to be in calculated as dependence on others resources stunts growth and only delay the community’s development.
THE FULL USE OF INNER/INDIGENOUS RESOURCES BEFORE TAPPING EXTERNAL RESOURCES
36
Purpose of Community Organization
1. To solve certain problems and meet needs
2. To achieve selected social goals
3. To strengthen the people’s capacity in dealing with their problems, needs and aspirations.
37
is therefore required to possess skills in organizing, coordinating and inter-group relationship, if she has to effectively enable the people to solve certain problems and needs with their active participation.
CO WORKER
38
is expected to help the community to achieve some selected social goals and objectives. It may be their aspirations for a better life through ownership of the land they till as tenants or the electrification of their community to boost economic productivity.
CO WORKER
39
Assessment of the community through data gathering by use of survey, interview with families and leaders, informal conversation with the people, group discussion, use of statistics and studies made by different agencies/groups on the community.
TASK GOALS
40
To help the people analyze their expressed family and community problems and need as gathered from the survey and research, made on the community thru:
-Problem Analysis
-Situation Analysis
TASK GOALS
41
To motivate people to be aware of their conditions, problems/needs and aspirations and be able to concretize and express them through the survey interview, informal conversations and group discussion.
PROCESS GOALS
42
To assist the people to be aware of the causes and effects of their expressed problems and needs that would be move them to concretely deal with those causes and prevent the proliferation of problems; and to attain the people’s needs and aspirations.
PROCESS GOALS
43
To engender wider cooperation and understanding through collaborative and joint efforts of the people in solving their problems/needs and attaining the people’s aspiration.
RELATIONSHIP GOALS
44
To develop interrelationship/support with one another in dealing with their problem/needs and doing away with people’s dependence on authority figure for decision making regarding the community’s problems/needs.
RELATIONSHIP GOALS
45
Refers to effort to mobilize the people, the victims, the unaffiliated, the unorganized and the non-participating who are affected by a community condition into groups and organizations to enable them to take action on these social problems and issues which affect them. The goal is the solution of specific community problems and needs for development of the community and benefit of its people with participation of the target beneficiaries themselves (Kramer & Specht).
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
46
is the process by which the efforts of the people themselves are united with those of government authorities to improve the economic, social, and cultural conditions of the communities into the life of the nation, and to enable them to contribute fully to national progress (United Nation). The goal is community competence.
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
47
__________________ was created by the late President ___________________ in 1956 which implemented this UN concept of COMMUNIT DEVELOPMENT in the Philippines.
PRESIDENTIAL ASSISTANT ON COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT (PACD) & PRESIDENT RAMON MAGSAYSAY
48
_____________ later became a Bureau in the Department of Local Government (DLG). However, when the Ministry of Human Settlements was established during the Marcos regime, the CD program of DLG was transferred there.
PRESIDENTIAL ASSISTANT ON COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT (PACD)
49
When President __________________ took over the helm of the government after the EDSA revolt in 1986, she abolished the Ministry of Human Settlements including the CD program of the government.
PRESIDENT CORAZON AQUINO
50
The use of the ________________________ was emphasized, the operationalization of which was left to the regional offices to conceptualize.
BARANGANIC APPROACH
51
Refers to effort directed towards integrating the different action system of the community with other systems in the local community and/or with extra community action systems, efforts aimed at bringing about reforms in attitudes, policies, and practice of large private and public agencies including legal, functional and operating system (Kramer & Specht).
SOCIAL PLANNING
52
It is translating social goals into programs and services by an agency, group of agencies, public or private in collaborative efforts with the community 3 Level of action social planning by (John Dicknan):
SOCIAL PLANNING
53
Selecting social goals and setting targets for their achievement.
SOCIETAL GOALS
54
The application of social values and action criteria to the assessment of program undertaken in pursuit of economic and political goals and the testing of consequences in terms of inter-group or interpersonal relations of everything from broad economic development programs to specific redevelopment projects.
TESTING CONSEQUENCES
55
Planning the more traditional welfare activities of public and private agencies and the coordination by many groups.
SOCIAL PROGRAMMING
56
It should contain the following elements: a.) research, b.) value analysis and facilitation of expression of various positions, sometimes through political machination c.) policy formulation, d.) programming e.) measurements and feedback (Alfred J. Kahn)
SOCIAL PLANNING
57
To look into the legal aspects of the mining ventures and the actual conditions in the mining area. * To recommend measures on how to legally deal with these represented situations and problems: a.) the use of minors in the mines b) the use of crude mining methods and crudely built tunner collapse c) the setting rivalry between the town’s miners and migration miners which could erupt into a peace and order problem.
LEGAL COMMITTEE
58
To formulate a comprehensive and integrated programs and strategies, measures that would effectively wean the youths away from mining industry and the other joints that are fronts for prostitution and drug-related activities.
YOUTH COMMITTEE
59
To formulate variable livelihood programs that would attract the participation of the youths, women, and menfolk who are risking their lives in a hazardous mining venture.
LIVELIHOOD COMMITTEE
60
To formulate programs and services for the prevention and rehabilitation of drug dependents, prostitutes and those with sex-related disease with the participation of their families.
SOCIAL SERVICES AND HEALTH COMMITTEE
61
To formulate measures and strategies in enlightening the people on the ill effects of drugs, alcoholism, prostitution, and gambling on their lives and their family life.
COMMITTEE ON EDUCATION
62
is popularly associated with activism, protest rallies and other forms of group dissent or dissatisfaction.
SOCIAL ACTION
63
It has following the strategies: social brokerage, integrative mechanism to strengthen organizations, and social protest to support social movements.
SOCIAL ACTION
64
These were done when CO Worker linked the barangay people with plantation management, the health center for water analysis, the lawyers group for legal assistance, the mass media for public support who all joined hands in helping the poor people of Barangay Salvacion in their case against a powerful corporation.
SOCIAL BROKERAGE AND USE OF INTEGRATIVE MECHANISM.
65
this integrated action of various sectors for a common cause is the _________________________ that helped the barangay people win their case which was seemingly hopeless at the start.
INTEGRATIVE MECHANISM
66
The people themselves through the guidance of a CO Worker used social Protest by going to the office of the manager of the banana plantation through a big delegation to present their petition for the needed action on their community problems brought about by the polluted waters caused by the plantation.
SOCIAL PROTEST
67
they also enlisted the assistance of the mass media to drum up public sympathy and support to their cause.
SOCIAL PROTEST
68
Enabling the community to engage in establishing goals, objectives and setting priorities.
ENABLER
69
Helping community groups identify their problems/needs and take effective action on their planned goals and objectives to solve their problems.
HELPER
70
Guiding the community groups in the process through difficulties encountered.
GUIDE
71
Initiating action through education, demonstration and other techniques and strategies.
INITIATOR
72
Acting as broker between groups, the client community and outside resources.
BROKER
73
Advocating the just cause of any disadvantaged groups, sector or community as a whole.
ADVOCATE
74
Providing expert knowledge and information to achieved planned goals and objectives
CONSULTANT
75
Intervening for and on behalf of the people for their participation and involvement in the formulation of social welfare programs, services and projects intended to benefit or affect them or when their interest and welfare are in jeopardy.
INTERVENOR
76
Sits as planner for the social welfare/social services sector in planning bodies as the barangay, municipal, provincial, regional, and national development council.
PLANNER
77
Makes research on current problems, needs and issues as basis for action planning
RESEARCHER
78
To secure and maintain an adequate factual basis for sound planning
FACT FINDING
79
To initiate, develop new programs and services and modify or terminate social welfare programs and services that had become irrelevant.
PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT
80
To establish, maintain, and improve social welfare standards, and to increase the effectiveness, efficiency and economy of operation of social welfare agencies.
ESTABLISHMENT OF STANDARD
81
To improve and facilitate inter-relationships and to promote coordination between organizations, groups, and individuals concerned with social welfare programs and services.
COORDINATION
82
To develop better public understanding of social welfare needs, problems, resources, objectives, services, methods, and standards.
EDUCATION
83
To develop adequate public support of and public participation in social welfare activities.
SUPPORT AND PARTICIPATION
84
according to Webster, _______________is a technical method of accomplishing a desired.
TECHNIQUE
85
The Philippines Social Work Encyclopedia described ________________ as “the manner by which certain activities are executed based on the mechanical or formal aspects.”
TECHNIQUE
86
This technique employs the use of suitable structures to engage in problem solving as councils, committees, task force, ad hoc committee, study groups etc.
STRUCTURING
87
This technique involves the breaking up of a problem situation, or collection of data, exploring the content and examining and setting forth of the various aspects, issues and relationships involved to gain insight and understanding the content better for logical conclusion/solutions”.
SITUATION ANALYSIS
88
The continuing proliferation of street children in Metro Manila despite the many governments and private agencies engaged in programs and services for street children who received big funding from the Office of the President, foreign funders and from year-long fund campaigns authorized under Presidential Proclamation.
PROBLEM
89
Why did they stowaways and ran away from their homes? These were their varied reasons:
1. Due to difficulties of their life situation, lack of food and other family needs.
2. Cannot stand the cruelty of own father, stepfather and either mother of stepmothers
3. Fathers often drunk, unemployed and quarrels often with mother
4. Incestuous advances of fathers, step fathers, uncle
5. Broken homes
6. Were lured by barkadas for adventure
7. Committed petty crimes and wanted scare
90
Who are involved in programs and services for street children?
1. Department of Social Welfare and Development
2. City Government of Manila Social Welfare Department
3. The Roman Catholic Church through their institutions Morning Glory, Caritas, etc.
4. Tahanan Outreach Programs and Services, Inc.
5. Senden Homes
6. Other NGOs
91
What are their programs and services for the street children?
1. Temporary shelter and food
2. Rescue operations of street children
3. Groupwork services in the parks as remedial education, value inculcation, sports and recreation
4. Skills training, job placement and income generating projects
5. Counselling and guidance
6. Casework services with families and reuniting children with them
7. Value formulation/inculcation and bible studies
8. Medical, dental, and psychological services
9. Referral services to other agencies
10. Sports and recreation
92
This technique is the process of looking into the causes of the problem and their effects on those affected by it. In analyzing for example, the problem of employment, the problem analysis may proceed this way
PROBLEM ANALYSIS
93
is acting out a situation which would depict a problem or varied problems and their effects designed to change the attitude and thinking of the target audience towards the problem as from apathy to concern.
ROLE PLAYING
94
is a dramatic performance, with psychological overtones that is also designed to designed to change the values, attitudes, habits and thinking of the target audience to a desired manner.
SOCIO-DRAMA
95
this technique employs a range of educational and promotional ways/approaches to enhance people’s understanding and support of programs, projects and plans for community improvement and development.
EDUCATION AND PROMOTION
96
This technique uses the organization of demonstration projects to illustrate ways of dealing with certain social problems which can be subsequently adopted for similar uses by the community and other communities and organizations.
DEMONSTRATION
97
CO workers in Region XI who implemented the Baranganic Approach have discovered that the ____________________________ and ________________________are effective techniques in training indigenous leaders who have an aversion to lecture type seminars. ________________________
USES OF GROUP DYNAMICS AND EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING IN TRAINING.
98
No person has a monopoly of knowledge, hence one of the CO worker’s technique is the ____________________ from other fields she is not knowledgeable about or another CO worker who has more experience as consultant. By utilizing the knowledge and expertise of others. She enriches her own and waste no time doing things through the trial-and-error method. She accomplishes therefore her goal and objectives as a CO worker as she assists her target client community with increased confidence and competence that assures positive results.
USE OF AN EXPERT/CONSULT
99
_____________________employs the exposure of trainees to a planned situation or game where they experience a learning process.
EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING
100
_________________________had been defined and to mean “the interacting forces within a small human group.” For purposes of our learning and indigenous application, it refers to planned group processes designed to communicate new knowledge and ideas; to change negative values, attitudes, and behavior and to promote/strengthen relationships among the target group members.
GROUP DYNAMICS
101
this technique influences public opinion and motivate people to act on certain community or national issues. She carries out a formal study by gathering and analyzing data in connection with current issues or problem. the results of which she interprets and disseminates to the public that they would appropriately act on said issues or problem.
FORMAL STUDY
102
This technique will be discussed separately and in details in the next chapter on group processes and committee meetings.
USES OF QUESTIONS IN HANDLING GROUP DISCUSSIONS
103
Defined as “a tactic or careful plan or a method devised to achieve a desired goal
STRATEGY
104
The Philippine Social Work Encyclopedia alludes to _________________ as “a procedure adopted by social workers to achieve a goal.”
STRATEGY
105
The CO worker uses this strategy by helping creating new centers of power in communities where leadership is indifferent and ineffective. Where there is however a concentration or monopoly of power.
MANAGEMENT OF POWER
106
The training of indigenous leaders for their role functions is an effective strategy/in enabling the community to be a self-reliant and self-managed community. Those leaders who were elected and appointed to the Provincial, Municipal, and Barangay Development Councils would be ineffective if they do not know their roles, functions and responsibilities and how to carry them out as community leaders. Thus they have to be trained in learning not only their roles, functions, and responsibilities but more importantly how to effectively carry them out in order to succeed as leaders.
TRAINING OF LEADERS FOR THEIR ROLE FUNCTIONS
107
Goals and objectives can only be realized if there are groups of persons who plan for these goals and objectives, then implement and monitor and evaluate their implementation. Organizing people for these purposes is the forte of CO workers. People are organized to do specific tasks is a strategy that facilitates the attainment of goals and objectives since the job is done in a more organized manner which uses at the same time the pooled thinking, expertise, and resources of those involved in the different organized operational units.
ORGANIZING PEOPLE FOR SPECIFIC TASKS, ROLES AND FUNCTIONS
108
This strategy had been popularized by Alinsky. It is used in communities where the people are apathetic towards their pressing problems and needs when other strategies fail. The introduction of conflict is designed to awaken the people form their lethargy and trigger the desired action on their part to do something about their community problems. the __________________ however requires its handling by a competent and experienced CO worker.
USES OF CONFLICT
109
There are no documented cases of how this strategy had been successfully used in the Philippines. According to Burke, __________________ works best for organizations committed to a cause rather than specific issues.
CONFLICT STRATEGY
110
Who had been developed a typology of strategies for achieving purposive change. These are collaborative strategy, campaign strategy, and contest strategy.
POLAND WARREN
111
It is based on the assumption of consensus or common base of values and interests among the parties in disagreement. And those agreements can be obtained by overcoming poor communication, misinformation and inaction.
COLLABORATIVE STRATEGY
112
Is applicable when the people are not in agreement on how an issue should be resolved. This strategy employs educating, persuading, and pressuring the recalcitrant into agreeing with a group’s proposed solution/approach to a major issues or problem in the community.
CAMPAIGN STRATEGY
113
Where there is dissension in crucial issues, the contest strategy would apply to crystallize the issues involved and to get majority vote/support for one of the contestant’s proposal which will be considered the community’s adopted decision after the voting.
CONTEST STRATEGY
114
This is a strategy of social action, one of the community organization models which had been briefly illustrated in Chapter 3. It is employed when a problem threatens to be explosive or disruptive and is diffused through the CO worker’s intervention as a broker with the involvement of relevant groups and individuals who can help diffuse a crisis situation.
SOCIAL BROKERAGE
115
this is the second strategy of the social action model of community organization. it employs the integration of other groups’ efforts and support to strengthen the cause another group or agency is espousing.
USES OF INTEGRATIVE MECHANISMS TO STRENGTHEN ORGANIZATION
116
This is the third strategy of the social action model which is commonly used as a strategy in influencing change or modification of policies, legislations, ordinances, programs, and services deemed irrelevant, inadequate or disadvantageous to the greater sector of society.
SOCIAL PROTEST TO SUPPORT SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
117
This may be included as the fourth strategy of social action model wherein interest groups attend committee meetings of the legislative bodies and the legislative sessions itself to show support of or protests against the passage of certain bills or some of its offending provisions.
LOBBYING
118
People learn faster through visual aids and actual experience. Hence, the CO worker employs this strategy for fast-track learning designed for indigenous leader’s training for community development and leadership roles.
USE OF FIELD TRIPS
119
Services in welfare agencies and their CO work are often hampered by lack of professional workers and adequate funding. Had been found as an effective strategy for lack of manpower and resources.
USES OF VOLUNTEERS
120
Bring into their job their own expertise, knowledge and resources that are tapped from their own network
VOLUNTEERS
121
defined as “the network of psychological interaction that goes on in every group; it is everything that happens in a group and is affected by the kind of interaction among the members. In this sense, it is used to also mean group dynamic.”
GROUP PROCESS
122
Is the process of influencing others for the purpose of performing a shared task. This process required that one person direct, motivate and coordinate others in the group in order to get the assigned task accomplished.
LEADERSHIP
123
Is the means through which information’s, symbols and messages are given or transmitted and received. It may be verbal or nonverbal. It is the element that facilitates interaction.
COMMUNICATION
124
Is the dynamic interplay of forces in which contract between persons results in modification of attitudes and behavior of participants.
SOCIAL INTERACTION
125
Strong pressures for change in the group can be accomplished by creating a shared perception of the need for change, thus making the source of pressure for change lie within the group itself.
PRINCIPLE OF FELT NEEDS
126
The more attractive the group is to its members, the greater is the influence the group can exert on them.
PRINCIPLE OF GROUP ATTRACTION
127
Every member of the group should be allowed to share their ideas and opinion in any deliberation of the group and be involved in the problem-solving and decision-making process it undertakes.
PRINCIPLE OF PARTICIPATORY LEADERSHIP
128
This principle is anchored on the belief that people have the capacity to make good decisions when they are well informed of the facts of the issues being deliberated upon. The committee members who practice democratic process believe deeply in one’s freedom of expression and respects the rights of other committee to differ with his views and opinion. From these democratic values emanate a creative power which makes committees get their job more effectively.
PRINCIPLE OF DEMOCRATIC VALUES
129
An effective committee should have a clear statement and understanding of its purpose and job assignment. This principle is important as it provides the committee with a goal, the criteria for committee membership, the nature of data to be needed and how it will be used to get the job done. The statement of purpose also serves as the baseline for evaluating the work of the committee.
PRINCIPLE OF PURPOSE
130
The Chairman of the committee plays a key role in the success or failure of the committee’s work. he should therefore be chosen based on his competence and expertise and not only on the basis of popularly or good public relations, but it is also because the leader of the process of group thinking requires knowledge ability, training, and skill in committee work. he should also have a sense of responsibility that should draw the same attitude from the committee members.
PRINCIPLE OF CONSTRUCTIVE AND CREATIVE LEADERSHIP
131
Since the committee is organized as a work group, the committee members should be carefully chosen. They should be qualified, are committed to the committee’s task goals and should have a sense of responsibility and sense of belonging to the group, besides their qualifications, the committee members should know the value of cooperation and are able to apply this value in their committee work and in collaboration with other groups.
PRINCIPLE OF PROPER PERSONNEL (MEMBERS).
132
as the saying goes, “doing things without a plan is travelling blind.” To be productive therefore it is necessary for a committee to plan their agenda so that they would not be wasting valuable time discussing inconsequential and irrelevant matters which can be frustrating as at the end of the committee meeting, the committee should always refer to the previous agenda and the minutes of the meeting so that matters that had not been taken up can be included in the proposed agenda under “unfinished business.”
PRINCIPLE OF PLANNING
133
A good preparation for committee meetings brings good results. The agenda for the next meeting should be well planned; the venue and the time should be arranged ahead of schedule; the materials and tools needed as visual aids, blackboards, chalks, erasers, reference materials and minutes of previous meeting should be ready before the scheduled meeting.
PRINCIPLE OF PREPARATION
134
a conductive atmosphere is needed for qualitative and in-dept thinking and discussion in order to be able to arrive at sound decisions. The physical comfort of the setting is important as discomforts can detract the deliberation process.
PRINCIPLE OF SETTING AND ATMOSPHERE
135
The best way for a committee to starts its work is to look at the facts first of depending on mere conjectures, opinions and assumption which are unreliable. Factual date should serve as reference materials in any problem-solving process and decision making. They serve as a good guide in making the right analysis of the problems, issues or crisis situations that need to be acted upon by the committee. It tells the committee the extent of their task, the possible solutions and measures needed and the resources required to deal with the problems, needs, and crisis situations and where and how they can be tapped.
PRINCIPLE OF FACT FIRST
136
The committee member must feel that he has the right to participate in committee deliberations by contributing his ideas and opinion without fear of being rebuffed by other members.
PRINCIPLE OF PARTICIPATION
137
While there may be clashes of ideas in committee work, the ultimate test of an effective committee is how they can harmonize their disagreements and be able to come out with an output every member would be willing to support.
PRINCIPLE OF TEAMWORK
138
productive committee are those which have pursued their course of action based on a foundation that is solid since its strength lies on its factual footings.
PRINCIPLE OF PROGRESSIVE PROCESS
139
It is derived when committee members are given the opportunity to express themselves, contribute their ideas and when their expertise are utilized with productive results.
PRINCIPLE OF MEMBER SATISFACTION
140
Committees that engage in periodic self-evaluation are observed to be more effective and productive. It is because a periodic evaluation of one’s planned tasks prevents the committee into making major mistakes which would be more costly than when the mistakes had earlier been detected and resolved. Regular evaluation also gives one an idea of the weak areas that can be immediately strengthened and potential problems that can be avoided.
PRINCIPLE OF EVALUATION
141
Giving reports on the committee’s accomplishments to the organization or council to which it belongs is a requirements to update them on the progress of its assigned tasks.
PRINCIPLE OF REPORTING
142
The accomplishment of a committee task must have a realistic time frame to keep the momentum going and initial enthusiasm continually in fire until the job has been accomplished.
PRINCIPLE OF TIME AND TIMING
143
when members of the group feel a sense of common interest.
GROUP SOLIDARITY
144
This means the group members’ awareness of common goal and objectives and when they derive a sense of achievement not only for himself but also for the welfare of others.
SENSE OF COMMON PURPOSE
145
This pertains to the group members’ sense of security in relation to other groups.
GROUP STABILITY
145
The desire to be appreciated and recognized for efforts, contributions, ideas and achievement is met.
SYSTEM OF EXTERNAL REWARD
146
This caring and bigayan attitude of members gives one a feeling of belonging or “we-feeling.”
SENSE OF BELONGING
147
At the start of the meeting the usual preliminaries are given as the welcome and usual greetings. The purpose and objectives is also explained followed by the exhortation for everyone to participate actively and share their ideas for productive results. The chairman or presiding officer of the meeting then poses this question: can anyone among you state the purpose and objectives of this meeting?
TO OPEN DISCUSSION.
148
When discussion of the meeting seem to be boring, the presiding officer may ask this question: Who can share some experiences encountered which you believe can help us out in the problem we are facing?
TO STIMULATE INTEREST
149
At times the committee members tend to evade confronting the problem that need to be addressed with more profound thinking or merely offer stereotype solutions hence the presiding officer ask this question: How should we proceed in tackling the issue/problem at the hand more effectively?
TO PROVOKE THINKING
150
the presiding officer may ask this question: -How many of you are interested to join the field trip?
TO ACCUMULATE DATA
151
You can get the individual participation of committee members asking them directly as herein illustrated: Can you give us another alternative to Mr. Domingo’s suggest Miss Victoria?
TO GET INDIVIDUAL PARTICIPATION
152
At one point of a committee discussion, the presiding officer may ask this question: are there precedents we can refer to or learn from other experiences.
TO DEVELOP A SUBJECT MATTER
153
At times the group discussion gets fixated on one subject matter or sometimes the discussion gets to be emotional. The presiding officer may ask this question: Don’t you think that we have already covered the issue/problem subject matter adequately and that it is time for us to decide on it and move on to the next agenda?
TO CHANGE THE TREND OF DISCUSSION
153
Sometimes the group member are carried away by their discussion of a subject matter and that more time that need to be taken up. The presiding officer may ask this question: do we have enough time to discuss the rest of our agenda? Or can we move on to the next agenda as we are now pressed for time?
TO LIMIT OR TERMINATE DISCUSSION
154
Type of question is directed to the group as a whole.
OVERHEAD
155
Type of question is ________ to a particular individual to draw his participation curb monopolization, interrupt private conversation and bring back the discussion in focus.
DIRECT
155
Persons with vast knowledge and wisdom can wield power since people look up to them in awe and faith
KNOWLEDGE AND WISDOM
155
Type of question is used to launch discussion of a new subject matter and should therefore be challenging and be able to provoke participants to think.
KICK-OFF
156
Is the process of releasing the potentials of people through appropriate programs, services and strategies; removing blocks that deter their growth and development and accessing them for the enhancement of their highest capabilities that they would freed from the fetters of poverty, ignorance, oppression, social justice, and fear to stand up for their rights and pursuits for happiness as a member of a free and just society.
PEOPLE EMPOWERMENT
156
Type of question is used to keep discussion going towards attaining, the objectives of the meeting.
FOLLOW-UP
157
A free man has the power to carve his own destiny as he is not inhibited or prevented to think and plot the ways and means for him to achieve his goals in life and be able to realize his God-given potentials.
FREEDOM
158
Individuals endowed with mental and moral efficacy wield power through the sheer brilliance of their mind and moral integrity.
MENTAL AND MORAL EFFICACY
159
Individuals who have what it takes to let people do what need to be done is in a position of power.
CAPABILITY FOR LEADERSHIP ROLES.
160
Individual known to be achievers who can act and deliver the goods are greatly admired for their capability specially those who are weak and incompetent who comprise their throng of followers.
ABILITY TO ACT AND PRODUCE AN EFFECT
161
Famous and wealthy people are in the center of power. They can make or unmake a person because of their powerful connections.
PRESTIGE AND WEALTH
162
Persons in positions of authority as government officials have tremendous power by virtue of the authority attached to their positions since their policies and decisions have a great effect on the people’s lives.
POSSESSION OF AUTHORITY AND CONTROL OVER OTHERS
163
_________________ . __________________ should be approached through an integrated and inter-disciplinary effort since a person’s total well-being us attained through his physical, social, economic, mental, and spiritual needs.
HOLISTIC APPROACH & PEOPLE EMPOWERMENT
164
Only in an _______________________ can any program for people empowerment prospers. People should be free to know their rights and privileges, the laws and policies that had been enacted for their benefits in order that they would be able to profit from them.
ATMOSPHERE OF FREEDOM
165
Should be a living reality and experienced and not merely enshrined on our legal statutes.
SOCIAL JUSTICE
166
engenders faith in the government and institutions that represent it.
SOCIAL JUSTICE
167
without ___________________, the government loses its credibility and its covenant with the people who would then be encouraged to look for alternative forms of governance or resort to violent means in obtaining justice for themselves.
SOCIAL JUSTICE
168
Officials and workers in the government service should be impressed upon that they are there to serve the people and not to be their masters as many of them believe and behave.
-these type of officials and workers are a bane to the government service.
CONDUCT IN GOVERNMENT SERVICE
169
Had always been cited as on the causes of our country’s underdevelopment and national shame.
GRAFT AND CORRUPTION
