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Y2 Anatomical Science > The GI Tract > Flashcards

The GI Tract Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up the GI tract

A 
oral cavity
pharynx
oesophagus
stomach
SI
LI
rectum and anus
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2
Q

what are the accessory oragsn to the GI travt

A 
teeth
tongue
salivary glands
pancreas
liver
biliary tree and gall bladder
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3
Q

what is the embryology of the GI tract?

A

derived from the primative gut - (contributed to by endoermal and mesodermal primary germ layers)

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4
Q

where is the epithelial lining derived from?

A

the embryonic endoderm (gives rise to specific secretory cells)

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5
Q

what does the splanchnic mesoderm give rise to?

A

connective tissue
smooth muscle
peritoneal covering

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6
Q

what are the 3 divisions/segments of the GI tract

A

Foregut - mouth to duodenum entrance

Midgut - duodenum entrance to over halfway down transverse colon

Hindgut - past halfway down transverse colon to anus

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7
Q

what is the vasculature of the 3 sections of the gut

A

Foregut - coeliac trunk

Midgut - Superior mesenteric artery

Hindgut - Inferior mesenteric artery

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8
Q

how does venous drainage in the GI tract happen

A

hepatic veins drain all major parts of abdominal GIT

superior and inferior mesenteric veins drain the rest

all to inferior vena cava

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9
Q

What makes up the foregut

A 
pharynx
larynx
oesophagus
stomach
duodenum (proximal half)
liver
biliary tree & gallbladder
pnacreas
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10
Q

What makes up the midgut

A 
duodenum (distal half)
jejunium (middle part of SI)
ileum
cecum
ascending & transverse colon
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11
Q

What makes up the hindgut

A

transverse & descending colon
sigmoid colon
rectum
anal canal

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12
Q

what is the normal physiological umbilical hernia?

A

intestinal loops protruding through the umbilical region of the developing foetus

intestinal loops will return to the abdomen following a number of rotations & fixations of the gut tube

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13
Q

what is aomphalocele

A

the failure of intestinal loops to return back into the abdominal cavity after the physiological herniation

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14
Q

what is diverticular disease

A

the condition of having diverticula of the colon (small pocketing pouches from the wall of the colon)

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15
Q

what is Meckel’s ileal diverticulum

A

embryological remnant of the vitelline duct of the yolk sac attached to the ileocecal

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16
Q

what is the peritoneum?

A

a smooth thin serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity & some of the viscera

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17
Q

what are the two layers of the peritoneum

A

parietal and visceral

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18
Q

what are the 4 parts of the stomach

A

fundus, body, pyloric antrum, pyloric canal

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19
Q

where does the stomach receive its blood supply from

A

common hepatic artery (gastroduodenal artery, splenic branches)

drained by portal vein

20
Q

what separates the left and right lobes of the liver

A

the falciform ligament

21
Q

what separates the quadrate and caudate lobes of the liver

A

sagittal fissures and the transverse porta hepatis

22
Q

how is the liver divided and into how many parts

A

8 parts by the distributions of portal triad and hepatic vein

23
Q

what is the livers dual oxygenated blood supply

A

hepatic portal vein supply 75-80% (40% more oxygen than other systemic veins)

hepatic artery supply other 20-25%

24
Q

what does the liver have to do with lymph

A

major producing organ

25-50% of lymph in thoracic duct comes from liver

25
Q

what are the 4 parts of the pancreas

A

head, neck, body, tail

26
Q

what are the 2 ducts within the pancreas and what do they do

A

main pancreatic duct (unites with bile duct forming hepatopancreatic ampulla of vater (opens to duodenum))

accessory pancreatic duct

27
Q

where do the duodenum and pancreas get their blood

A

from branches of splenic, gastroduodenal, superior mesenteric arteries

drainage to hepatic portal vein

28
Q

where does the pancreas get its nerve supply

A

from vagus and abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves

29
Q

what do pancreatic centroacinar cells do

A

perform exocrine functions, synthesize and secrete the digestive enzymes

30
Q

what do pancreatic stellate cells do

A

perform functions relating to tissue repair and destruction of tumour cells

31
Q

what are the 4 types of pancreatic islet of Langerhans cells

A

alpha, beta, delta, F-cells

32
Q

how is the pancreas formed

A

two buds the endodermal lining of duodenum (dorsal & ventral pancreatic bud)

the fuse

33
Q

when does insulin secretion begin

A

around the 5 month of foetal life

34
Q

what is annular pancreas

A

improper rotation and migration of the tissue buds - may constrict/obstruct duodenum

35
Q

what would blockage of the hepatopancreatic ampulla cause (gallstones)

A

pancreatitis to bile reflux

36
Q

what is an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

A

fibre optic endoscope passed through mouth to duodenum injecting radiographic contract to produce an image to diagnosis disease

37
Q

what are the 2 types of pancreatic cancer

A

exocrine (95%) in head of pancreas

endocrine

38
Q

what does cancer in the pancreatic head do?

A

compresses and obstructs the bile duct, enlarges gallbladder leads to obstructive jaundice

39
Q

what is an pancreatectomy

A

removal of most or all of the pancreatic cancer

40
Q

what is Whipples procedure

A

cancer removal from pancreatic head

41
Q

what makes the biliary tree

A

right and left hepatic ducts (forms hepatic duct) + cystic duct = bile duct + main pancreatic duct = hepatopancreatic ampulla

42
Q

what makes up the small intestine

A

duodenum (first part, 25cm long takes C shape around pancreas)

Jejunum (proximal 2/5)

Ileum (distal 3/5)

43
Q

what is the difference between mesenteric and -anti-mesenteric borders

A

both concave margin of small bowel loop, mesenteric facing towards axis of root of mesentery, other facing away

44
Q

what is the most common position of the appendix

A

retro-colic or retro caecal (60-75%)

45
Q

what is the rectal canal developed from?

A

endodermal cloaca of hindgut (upper 2/3s)

ectodermal cloaca (lower 1/3)

the sections different in blood, nerve and lymphatic supply

Y2 Anatomical Science (10 decks)

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