The Head

Question 1

What are the four subclassifications of synarthrosis joints based on Latin groupings?

Answer 1

suture, gomphosis, schindylesis and syndesmosis

Question 2

What were the five types of sutures based on Latin groupings?

Answer 2

serrate, denticulate, limbous, squamous and harmonia

Question 3

What are the characteristics of a sutura vera (true sutures)?

Answer 3

sutures demonstrating interlocking of the adjacent bone surfaces; typically formed by intramembranous ossification

Question 4

What are the characteristics of sutura notha (false sutures)?

Answer 4

sutures lacking interlocking of adjacent bone surfaces; typically formed by endochrondral ossificaton

Question 5

Which sutures demonstrate non-interlock, but wil overlap their edges?

Answer 5

squamous sutures

Question 6

What were the classifications of sutura notha (false sutures) based on Latin groupings?

Answer 6

squamous and harmonia

Question 7

What are the typical examples of the plane suture or harmonia suture?

Answer 7

cruciate suture made up of the intermaxillary, interpalatine and palato-maxillary sutures

Question 8

What are the examples of the schindylesis type of suture?

Answer 8

sphenoid - ethmoid - vomer articulation, the palatine - maxilla - vomer articulation

Question 9

What are the examples of the gomphosis joint?

Answer 9

maxilla - root of the tooth, mandible - root of the tooth

Question 10

What are the five views of the skull called?

Answer 10

norma verticalis, norma frontalis, norma occipitalis, normas lateralis, norma basalis

Question 11

What is the diamond shaped remnant of developing membrane bone at the intersection of the frontal bone with the parietal bones?

Answer 11

the anterior fontanelle

Question 12

What is the diamond shaped remnant of developing membrane bone at the intersection of the occipital bone with the parietal bones?

Answer 12

the posterior fontanelle

Question 13

What is the glabella?

Answer 13

the elevation of bone over the frontal sinus between the orbits

Question 14

What is the name given to the outline of the nasal cavity at the front of the skull?

Answer 14

the piriform aperature

Question 15

What is the name given to the alveolar jugum of the canine tooth in the maxilla?

Answer 15

canine eminence

Question 16

What forms a bullet like chin?

Answer 16

a large mental protuberance

Question 17

What forms an indented chin?

Answer 17

well developed bilateral mental tubercles and a slight mental protuberance

Question 18

What bones form the pterion?

Answer 18

parietal, temporal, sphenoid and frontal bones

Question 19

What points on the skull are used to measure skull size?

Answer 19

the nasion, vertex, inion and gnathion

Question 20

What points on the skull are used to measure cranial vault capacity?

Answer 20

the nasion, vertex and inion

Question 21

The olfactory nerve exits the cranial vault via what opening?

Answer 21

cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

Question 22

What are the contents of the optic canal?

Answer 22

the optic nerve and opthalmic artery

Question 23

What are the contents of the superior orbital fissure?

Answer 23

the opthalmic veins, the oculomotor nerve, the trochlear nerve, the opthalmic division of the trigeminal and the abducent nerve

Question 24

What are the contents of the foramen rotundum?

Answer 24

the maxillary division of the trigeminal (cranial nerve Vb)

Question 25

What are the contents of the foramen ovale?

Answer 25

the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (Vc) and the lesser petrosal branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve

Question 26

What are the contents of the foramen spinosum?

Answer 26

the nervus spinosus from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nere and the middle meningeal artery

Question 27

What are the contents of the internal acoustic meatus?

Answer 27

cranial berves VII (facial) and VIII (vestibulocochlear/auditory nerve), the nervus intermedius/nerve of Wrisberg/sensory root of VII and the motor root of VII, the vestibular and cochlear roots of VIII and the internal auditory/internal labyrinthine artery and vein

Question 28

What are the contents of the jugular foramen?

Answer 28

the jugular bulb, the inferior petrosal sinus, the tmpanic body/tympanic glomus or jugular body/jugular glomus, cranial nerves IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus), and XI (spinal accessory)

Question 29

What can the 5 layers of the scalp spell?

Answer 29

skin, connective tissue, aponeurosis, loose connective tissue, periosteum...SCALP

Question 30

What are the principal sources of blood to the scalp?

Answer 30

internal carotid and external carotid artery branches

Question 31

Which divisions of the trigeminal nerve receive sensory information from the scalp?

Answer 31

all three divisions: opthalmic nerve, maxillary nerve, mandibular nerve

Question 32

Which ventral rami branches supply the scalp?

Answer 32

greater auricular and lesser occipital nerves

Question 33

Which dorsal ramus nerve branch (name and cord level of origin) supplies the scalp?

Answer 33

greater occipital nerve - C2, C3 communicating ramus

Question 34

Which muscles lack any attachment to bone?

Answer 34

orbicularis oris, procerus & risorius

Question 35

What type of motor fibers to skeletal muscle are given off by the facial nerve?

Answer 35

branchial efferent (BE)

Question 36

Most of the seventh cranial nerve will exit the skull via what opening?

Answer 36

the stylomastoid foramen

Question 37

What forms the roof of the posterior cranial fossa?

Answer 37

the tentorium cerebelli

Question 38

What part of the cerebrum occupies the posterior cranial fossa?

Answer 38

none; the tentorium cerebelli separates the the cerebrum into a space above the posterior cranial fossa

Question 39

What part of the central nerve system occupies the posterior cranial fossa?

Answer 39

the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata

Question 40

The optic canal is located along which wall of the orbit?

Answer 40

superior wall of the orbit

Question 41

What are the contents of the optic canal?

Answer 41

optic nerve and opthalmic artery

Question 42

What are the openings located along the medial wall of the orbit?

Answer 42

anterior ethmoid and posterior ethmoid foramina

Question 43

What is the name given to the medial wall of the orbit

Answer 43

lamina papyracea

Question 44

The superior orbital fissure is located along which wall of the orbit?

Answer 44

lateral wall of the orbit

Question 45

What are the contents of the superior orbital fissure?

Answer 45

oculomotor, trochlear & abducent/abducens cranial nerves | opthalmic division of the trigeminal cranial nerve & opthalmic veins

Question 46

What opening(s) are located along the inferior wall of the orbit?

Answer 46

inferior orbital fissure

Question 47

What is contained in the inferior orbital fissure?

Answer 47

maxillary division of the trigeminal

Question 48

What are the names given to the modified sebaceous gland in the tarsus of the eyelid?

Answer 48

tarsal or Meibomian gland

Question 49

What specific pathways are identified with Visceral Efferent (VE) innervations?

Answer 49

sympathetic and parasympathetic motor pathways

Question 50

How many neurons are involved in the Visceral Efferent (VE) pathways from CNS to target cell?

Answer 50

two motor neurons

Question 51

What is the location for the second neuron in the Visceral Efferent (VE) pathway?

Answer 51

typically a ganglion

Question 52

Which cranial nerves are involved in the Visceral Efferent (VE) parasympathetic pathway to the lacrimal gland?

Answer 52

facial and trigeminal (maxillary and opthalmic divisions/branches)

Question 53

What is the origin for the sympathetic pathway to the lacrimal gland?

Answer 53

lateral horn/intermediolateral cell column T1, T2

Question 54

What is the target of the preganglionic sympathetic visceral efferent (VE) fiber in the pathway to the lacrimal gland?

Answer 54

the VE fiber ascends to the superior cervical ganglion to synapse

Question 55

Sympathetic stimulation of the lacrimal gland will result in what events?

Answer 55

vasoconstriction of blood vessels, limited availability of water to secretory units, more viscous or thicker product formed in glandular lumen

Question 56

Parasympathetic stimulation of targets in the lacrimal gland will result in what events?

Answer 56

vasodilation of blood vessels, increased availability of water to secretory units, thinner or more watery product in lumen; constriction of myoepithelial cells leading to release of product from secretory lumen into the duct system

Question 57

What are the names of the layers of the eyeball?

Answer 57

fibrous tunic, uveal tract and retina

Question 58

What are the parts of the fibrous tunic of the eyeball?

Answer 58

cornea and sclera

Question 59

What are the parts of uveal tract of the eyeball?

Answer 59

iris, ciliary body, choroid and pupil

Question 60

What muscles are present in the iris?

Answer 60

sphincter pupillae and dilator pupillae

Question 61

What is the innervation of the sphincter papillae?

Answer 61

oculomotor nerve, parasympathetic pathway

Question 62

What is the function of the rod cell?

Answer 62

provide vision in dim light conditions

Question 63

What is the function of the cone cell?

Answer 63

provide vision in bright light conditions and mediate color vision

Question 64

What is the most numerous photoreceptor cell?

Answer 64

rod cell

Question 65

What forms the optic nerve?

Answer 65

axons of ganglion cells

Question 66

What occurs at the optic chiasma?

Answer 66

part of the optic nerve decussates

Question 67

What is the location of the anterior chamber of the eyeball?

Answer 67

between the cornea and iris

Question 68

What is the location of the posterior chamber of the eyeball?

Answer 68

between the iris and the lens

Question 69

What is contained in the anterior chamber of the eyeball?

Answer 69

aqueous humor

Question 70

What is contained in the posterior chamber of the eyeball?

Answer 70

aqueous humor

Question 71

What is the name given to the chamber behind the lens?

Answer 71

vitreous chamber

Question 72

What fills the vitreous chamber?

Answer 72

vitreous body

Question 73

What are the common characteristics in origin and insertion of all the rectus extraocular muscles

Answer 73

they all originate from a common annular tendon in the orbit | they all insert into the sclera in front of the coronal equator of the eyeball

Question 74

What is the common characteristic regarding the insertion of both oblique extraocular muscles?

Answer 74

both insert onto the sclera on the lateral margin of the eyeball behind the coronal equator

Question 75

What is the common characteristic concerning the insertion of the superior and inferior rectus extraocular muscles?

Answer 75

they insert onto the sclera of the eyeball in front of the coronal equator and are displaced slightly medially

Question 76

What is the embryonic origin of the extraocular muscles or extrinsic muscles of the eyeball?

Answer 76

the skeletal muscle is derived from the somites hence somatic efferent (SE)

Question 77

Which of the cranial nuclei of termination contain primary afferent neurons?

Answer 77

mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve

Question 78

What is the location of synapse for preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of the third cranial nerve?

Answer 78

ciliary ganglion

Question 79

What is unique about the vascular supply of the retina?

Answer 79

a single vessel supplies it

Question 80

What vessels supply the inner tunic of the eyeball?

Answer 80

central artery of the retina

Question 81

What is the name given to the goats beard of the auricle?

Answer 81

tragus

Question 82

What is the name of the palpable posterior projection of the eminentia concha of the auricle?

Answer 82

ponticulus

Question 83

Which cranial nerve will innervate the muscles of the auricle?

Answer 83

the facial nerve

Question 84

Sensory innervation of the auricle is derived from which nerves?

Answer 84

greater auricular (ventral rami C1, C2) lesser occipital nerve (ventral rami C2, possibly C3) auriculotemporal nerve (mandibular divison trigeminal) posterior auricular cutaneous nerve (facial) auricular nerve (vagus)

Question 85

The lateral third of the external acoustic meatus is protected by ______.

Answer 85

cartilage

Question 86

The medal part of the external acoustic meatus is protected by________.

Answer 86

temporal bone

Question 87

Skin lining the external acoustic meatus contains what modified sebaceous glands?

Answer 87

ceruminous glands

Question 88

What is cerumen?

Answer 88

the product of ceruminous glands forming the bulk of earwar

Question 89

What are the characteristics of the parotid gland?

Answer 89

it is lobulated, yellowish, encapsulated and an exocrine gland

Question 90

What vein is formed within the parotid gland?

Answer 90

the retromandibular vein

Question 91

Within the parotid gland what does the facial nerve form?

Answer 91

the facial nerve plexus

Question 92

What are the branches of the facial nerve plexus?

Answer 92

temporall, zygomatic, buccal , marginal mandibular, and cervical branches

Question 93

What branch of the facial nerve penetrates the parotid gland, but it not given off within it?

Answer 93

the chorda tympani nerve