The Heart

Question 1

What is Pulmonary Circulation?

Answer 1

The right heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs (lower pressure)

Question 2

What is the systemic circulation?

Answer 2

Left heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body (higher pressure)

Question 3

What is the pericardium?

Answer 3

3 layered sac

Question 4

What is the fibrous pericardium and what is it attached to?

Answer 4

• Protective layer
• Attached to the great vessels
• Attached to the diaphragm
• anchors the heart in place

Question 5

What are the 2 layers of the serous pericardium?

Answer 5

• Pariteal
• Visceral - epicardium

Question 6

What are the 4 functions of the perciardium?

Answer 6

• Fixes the heart in the mediastinum and limitis its motion
• Protection from infections coming from other organs
• Prevents excessive dilation of the heart in cases of acute volume overload
• Lubrication

Question 7

Epicardium

Answer 7

Visceral layer of serous pericardium

Question 8

Myocardium

Answer 8

cardiac muscle fibres arranged in bundles that squeeze blood out of the heart

Question 9

Endocardium

Answer 9

continous with endothelium. Lines the inner surface of the walls as well as the valves.

Recieves oxygen and nutrients directly from the chambers of the heart

Question 10

What makes up the base of the heart?

Answer 10

left atrium, pulmonary veins and small portion of the RA

Question 11

Where is the base of the heart?

Answer 11

Fixed ppsteriorly to the pericardium at the level of T6(5) - T(9)8 vertebrae

Question 12

Where does the oblqiue pericardial sinus lie?

Answer 12

posteriorly

Question 13

Where is the apex of the heart?

Answer 13

Left 5th intercostal space in the midclavicular line

Question 14

What is on the sternocaostal (anterior) surface of the heart?

Answer 14

• Right ventricle
• Right atrium
• Left ventricle

Question 15

what is on the diaphragmatic (inferior) surface of the heart

Answer 15

• Left ventricle
• Right ventricle

Question 16

What separates the diaphragmatic surface of the heart from the base of the heart?

Answer 16

coronary sinus

Question 17

Right margin of the heart

Answer 17

right atrium

Question 18

left margin of the heart

Answer 18

left ventricle and left auricle

Question 19

inferior margin of the heart

Answer 19

right ventricle and left ventricle (between anterior and diaphragmatic surfaces)

Question 20

What is within the naterior interventricular sulcus?

Answer 20

• Anterior interventricular artery
• Great cardiac vein
• Right of the apex

Question 21

What runs in the posterior interventricular sulcus

Answer 21

• Posterior interventricular artery
• Middle cardiac vein

Question 22

What does the coronary sulcus separate and what travels in it?

Answer 22

• Separates atria from ventricles
• Right coronary artery
• Left circumflex artery

Question 23

Where does the RA recieve blood from?

Answer 23

• Superior Vena Cava
• Inferior Vena Cava
• Coronary sinus
• Smallest cardiac veins

Question 24

What 2 continuous spaces does the RA consist of?

Answer 24

• Sinus of vena cava
• Right auricle

Question 25

What is internally bound between the sinus of the vena cava and the right auricle

Answer 25

crista terminalis

Question 26

Describe the inner surface of the space posterior to crista terminalis

Answer 26

smooth and veins drain into this part

Question 27

What is fossa ovalis? And where is it?

Answer 27

* On the right side of the IA septum * Site of foramen ovale in foetus and margin is limbus fossae ovalis (border) * Remnant of embryologicak orifice

Question 28

Describe the surface of the right auricle

Answer 28

* Trabeculated (rough) surface * Formed by pectinate muscles

Question 29

What is thr function of pectinate muscles?

Answer 29

Provide some force of contraction without significantly thickening the cardiac wall

Question 30

What blood passes into the RV?

Answer 30

Deoxygenated blood from the RA enters throguh the right AV orifice into the RV

Question 31

Where does the RV sit?

Answer 31

On the central tendon of the diaphragm

Question 32

What is the outflow tract of the RV?

Answer 32

is the pulmonary trunk and arises from the infundibulum (conus arterosis)

Question 33

How does blood flow out of the RV in the pulmonary trunk?

Answer 33

blood flows upwards, backwards and to the left

Question 34

Describe the surface of the infundibulum

Answer 34

Smooth

Question 35

What are the irregular musuclar structures in the walls of the RV?

Answer 35

trabeculae carnea

Question 36

name the 3 types of muscles on the right ventricle wall

Answer 36

1. Trabecula carnea 2. Septomarginal trabecula (moderator band) 3. Papillary muscles

Question 37

Describe the septomarginal trabecula

Answer 37

* Bridge between IV septum and anterior papillary muscle * Only in RV carries right bundle branch of AV bundle of cardiac conduction system

Question 38

Describe papillary muscles

Answer 38

* 3 muscles * named relative to their position * Fibrous cords called chorda tendinea run between their apex and free edges of tricuspid cusps * Contract before ventricular contraction

Question 39

What is the function of chorda tendinea

Answer 39

Prevent the eversion of cusps, which stops the regurgitation of blood into the atria during systole

Question 40

Function of the tricuspid valve

Answer 40

Closes the right AV orifice

Question 41

What are the names of the cusps of the tricuspid valve?

Answer 41

* anterior * posterior * septal

Question 42

How does blood flow through the tricuspid value?

Answer 42

Forwards and medially (inferior and to the left)

Question 43

How many cusps does the pulmonary valve have and what are their names?

Answer 43

3 * anterior * right * left

Question 44

What do the cusps of the pulmonary valve form? And what is its function

Answer 44

a pulmonary sinus helps closure of the pulmonary valves after systole

Question 45

What does the LA form?

Answer 45

most of the base of the heart

Question 46

What enters the LA?

Answer 46

Four pulmonary veins (no valves) carry oxygenated blood from the lungs

Question 47

What is the depressed area on the LA septum?

Answer 47

Falx septi - is caused by the fusion of the valve of foramen ovale

Question 48

How does blood flow in the LV?

Answer 48

Anteriorly towards the apex

Question 49

What is closed by the mitral valve?

Answer 49

Left AV orficie

Question 50

How many cusps does the mitral valve have? And what are their names?

Answer 50

2 * anterior * posterior

Question 51

What are the bases of the cusps in the tricuspid valve attached to?

Answer 51

right fibrous ring (anulus fibrosus)

Question 52

What are the cusps of the mitral valve attached to?

Answer 52

left fibrous ring

Question 53

Where are the chorda tendinae attached to the mitral valve

Answer 53

Attached to free margins

Question 54

What is the aortic vestibule?

Answer 54

outflow tract of the LV

Question 55

Where is blood from the LV ejected to?

Answer 55

The aorta

Question 56

How does blood flow through the site of the aortic valve?

Answer 56

upwards, backwards and to the right side

Question 57

Name the 3 cusps in the aortic valve

Answer 57

* right * left * posterior

Question 58

What is between the superior surface of the cusps and the aortic wall

Answer 58

aortic sinuses (sinus valsalvae)

Question 59

What does the fibrous skeleton provide the heart?

Answer 59

functional and structural support

Question 60

What does the fibrous skeleton provide for cusps in the heart?

Answer 60

Points of attachment for the cusps

Question 61

Give the main functions of the fibrous skeleton of the heart

Answer 61

* Maintains the patency and integreity of AV and semi-lunar orificies * Origin/insertion for atrial and ventricular muscles * Insulates atria from ventricles

Question 62

By insulating the atria and ventricles how does the fibrous skeleton help the function of the heart?

Answer 62

* Allow independent atrial and ventricular contraction * Atrioventricular Bundle of His should be the only conduction between A and V