The Heart & Circulatory System

Question 1

Describe Pulmonary Circulation

Answer 1

Vena Cavae > Right Atrium > Right Ventricle > Pulmonary Arteries > Lungs > Pulmonary Veins

Question 2

Describe Systemic Circulation

Answer 2

Pulmonary Veins > Left Atrium > Left Ventricle > Aorta

Question 3

Which valve prevents back flow of blood between the right atrium and ventricle?

Answer 3

Tricuspid Valve

Question 4

Which semi-lunar valve separates the right ventricle and the pulmonary arteries?

Answer 4

Pulmonary Valve

Question 5

Which valve prevents back flow of blood between the left atrium and ventricle?

Answer 5

Bicuspid/Mitral Valve

Question 6

Which semi-lunar valve separates the left ventricle and the Aorta

Answer 6

Aortic Valve

Question 7

What is Stenosis?

Answer 7

A hardening and narrowing of a heart valve which causes the heart to work harder

Question 8

What structure protects the heart?

Answer 8

The Sternum

Question 9

What are the main two Coronary Arteries?

Answer 9

The Left and Right Coronary Arteries

Question 10

Which Left Artery goes around the left of the heart to supply the Left Atrium?

Answer 10

Left Circumflex Artery

Question 11

Which Left Artery goes down the front of the heart to the walls of the Left Ventricle?

Answer 11

Left Anterior Descending Artery

Question 12

The Right Coronary Artery supplies which part of the heart?

Answer 12

Right side

Question 13

Which Arteries supply the bottom of the heart and the Septum?

Answer 13

Right Coronary Artery & Posterior Descending Artery

Question 14

How much anaerobic capacity does the Myocardium have?

Answer 14

None

Question 15

Why does better fitness improve Coronary blood flow?

Answer 15

Because the lower heart rate means the heart spends more time in diastole which allows the blood to flow more easily

Question 16

What is Cardia Output (Q)?

Answer 16

The amount of blood ejected per minute from the Left Ventricle

Q = Stroke Volume (SV) x HR

Question 17

Which Lipoprotein is the “bad fat” and why?

Answer 17

Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL), because it transports fats to the peripherals enabling it to build up in blood vessels

Question 18

Which Lipoprotein is the “good fat” and why?

Answer 18

High Density Lipoprotein (HDL), because it transports fats back to the Liver

Question 19

Which are the two main causes of Coronary Heart Disease?

Answer 19

Arteriosclerosis & Atherosclerosis

Question 20

Describe Arteriosclerosis

Answer 20

Degeneration of arterial walls that leads to hardening & loss of elasticity

Question 21

What is Arteriosclerosis associated with?

Answer 21

Age

Question 22

Describe Atherosclerosis

Answer 22

A narrowing of arterial walls due to a build up of lipid and calcium deposits

Question 23

What are the risk factors for CHD?

Answer 23

Diagnosed Hypertension
Elevated Total Cholesterol (>240mg/dl)
High LDL ratio
Smoker
Age
Sedentary lifestyle
Overweight/Obese
Stress
Type 2 Diabetes 
Family History
HRT

Question 24

What is the recommendation for exercise for people with CHD from the ACSM?

Answer 24

aerobic exercise 20-30mins 3-5 days

Question 25

What are the symptoms of CHD?

Answer 25

``` Angina Unexplained pain Previous Heart Attack Congestive Heart Failure Arrhythmia Dizziness Peripheral Vascular Disease ```

Question 26

What is classed as Low Blood Pressure?

Question 27

What is classed as Normal Blood Pressure?

Answer 27

90-120 systolic over 60-80 diastolic

Question 28

What is classed as High Blood Pressure?

Answer 28

Pre-high 120-140/80-90 | Hypertension >140 systolic or > 90 diastolic

Question 29

How does Blood Pressure change during exercise?

Answer 29

Systolic will rise | Diastolic remains largely unchanged

Question 30

How can you reduce the risk of CHD?

Answer 30

``` Increasing physical activity levels Controlling body weight Giving up smoking Eating a diet low in saturated fats Managing stress levels ```

Question 31

When should you stop exercise due to Blood Pressure?

Answer 31

If there is a significant drop in Systolic BP Systolic does not rise Excessive BP rise 260 Systolic or 115 Diastolic

Question 32

What can affect BP?

Answer 32

``` Hydration Food Contraceptive Pill Pregnancy Age ```

Question 33

How should you manage BP

Answer 33

``` Avoid heavy resistance training Improve body composition Limit salt intake Stop smoking Release stress ```

Question 34

What can Beta Blockers cause?

Answer 34

Lower HR&BP at rest and during exercise

Question 35

What can Vasodilators cause?

Answer 35

Relax blood vessels, can cause a rapid HR and low BP during exercise

Question 36

What can Alpha Blockers cause?

Answer 36

Relax blood vessels, doesn't affect HR

Question 37

What can Diuretics cause?

Answer 37

Can cause dehydration and electrolyte imbalances

Question 38

What can Bronchodilators cause?

Answer 38

Increase HR and give shakes

Question 39

What can Antihistamines cause?

Answer 39

Drowsiness

Question 40

What is the role of Baroreceptors?

Answer 40

Monitor BP and cause a reflex reaction to it

Question 41

What are examples of Chemoreceptors?

Answer 41

``` Caffeine Stress Exercise Smoking Cardiac Output Peripheral Resistance Medication ```

Question 42

Describe the Valsalva Effect

Answer 42

Forcible exhalation against a closed airway | Chest pressure rises>BP rises>Impedes Venous Return>Cardiac Output decreases>BP falls>HR rises to counteract

Question 43

Why is the Valsalva Effect dangerous in people with high BP?

Answer 43

It can cause a heart attack

Question 44

What are the short term effects of CV training?

Answer 44

``` Increased heart rate Increased release of adrenaline Increase stroke volume Increased cardiac output Increased venous return Oxygen level in the blood decreased Systolic blood pressure increases Diastolic blood pressure remains stable or rises slightly Increased respiratory rate Vasoconstriction and vasodilation of blood vessels to divert blood to working muscles and away from other organs ```

Question 45

What are the long term effects of CV training on the lungs?

Answer 45

Increased capillarisation Increased use of dead space (residual volume) Increased tidal volume Better oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange

Question 46

What are the long term effects of CV training on the heart?

Answer 46

Increased stroke volume Increased blood volume Decreased heart rate at rest and for any given exercise intensity Increased cardiac output Better cardiac blood supply, hypertrophy of cardiac muscle (especially the left ventricle)

Question 47

What are the long term effects of CV training on the Blood & Circulation?

Answer 47

Increased blood volume Increased red blood cell count Increased haemoglobin content Increased tone in smooth muscles of artery walls More efficient circulation Diastolic blood pressure may lower The time for diastole is increased improving coronary blood flow For those with mild hypertension, resting and exercise blood pressures can be reduced by up to 10mmhg with endurance CV activities

Question 48

What are the long term effects of CV training on the muscles?

Answer 48

Increased capillarisation Increased mitochondria size Increased number of mitochondria Increased aerobic/anaerobic enzymes

Question 49

What are the potential health benefits of CV training?

Answer 49

Improvements in everyday function, such as walking, stair climbing, shopping Increased bone density in specific areas of the skeleton placed under load (particularly from high-impact exercise) Decreased risk of CHD and other chronic degenerative conditions Modest reductions in high blood pressure Improved blood cholesterol profile Reduction of body fat or maintenance of body fat levels within a healthy range

Question 50

What are the potential risks of CV training?

Answer 50

Increased risk of injury (muscle strains, joint injuries, joint degeneration, connective tissue damage, muscle imbalances – for example, tight hamstrings in cyclists) Increased workload on the heart – which for some is dangerous Increased amount of carbon dioxide production Increased amount of lactic acid production Decreases in body fat to below recommended levels in some athletes