the historic environment

Question 1

what are the 5 key battles on the western front

Answer 1

ypres 1 and 21914-1915 + hill 60-outcome=lost many soldiers kept control of ypres and hill 60 -key features=germans used high ground

somme 1916-outcome=reduced pressure and gained 5 miles of land -key features=huge number of casualties (400,000) due to poor planning

ypres 3 + passchendale-outcomes=british control of ridge -key features= a full attack on P but there was 245,000 casualties as german defences were strong

arras 1917 - outcomes= some ground was captured -key features= soldiers dug tunnels underneath arras (had everything in there)

cambrai 1917 -outcomes=british lost all ground -key features=first large scale attack with tanks 450 used

Question 2

trench network

Answer 2

1. no-mans land
2. the front line, closest to enemy lines
3. traverses, to protect soldiers from shell blasts + stop enemies from moving quickly though trenches
4. communication trench, link to other trenches
5. command trenches, for army commands (10-20m behind the front)
6. support line, 200-500m behind the front
7. reserve line, for back-up soldiers
8. latrines

Question 3

advantages of trenches

Answer 3

organised structure

commanding officers are close to provide instruction

give protection from artillery

Question 4

disadvantages of trenches

Answer 4

trench disease from terrain (mud, cold stagnant water)

difficult to navigate

overcrowded + cramped

Question 5

the impact of the terrain

Answer 5

it was bad to navigate for medical services

evacuating the wounded could only happen at night

often sheer numbers of soldiers everywhere

Question 6

4 key sources to remember for ‘follow up a source’ question

Answer 6

-army statistics
-diaries and letters by medical staff
-records of hospitals and casualty clearing stations
-trench maps, drawings + pictures

Question 7

what are the major weapons

Answer 7

poisonous gas
rifles
artillery
machine guns
shrapnel

Question 8

poisonous gas key features

Answer 8

-chlorine = first used in april 1915 ypres- would flood lungs and dissolve them

• phosgene = similar to chlorine but die in two days

-mustard = odourless gas which killed within 12 hours causing external and internal blisters

Question 9

rifles key features

Answer 9

no longer loaded with one bullet at a time they had a cartridge case for rapid fire after 1889

Question 10

artillery key features

Answer 10

greatest killer causing half of casualties
bursts of shell fire could last for hours
british developed Howitzer could send 900kg shells over 12 miles

Question 11

machine guns key features

Answer 11

could fire 500 rounds per minutes

Question 12

shrapnel key features

Answer 12

high explosive shells broke into fragments or steel balls upon detonation

Question 13

trench foot illness
problems - 1
result -2
treatment -3

Answer 13

1. gangrene, amputation, swollen numb feet
2. conditions - no changing of wet boots +socks, standing in water logged trench
   3.issued with whale oil

Question 14

gas attacks
problems - 1
result -2
treatment -3

Answer 14

1. suffocated soldiers, blindness, death
2. weapons- poisonous gas and tear gas
   3.gas masks, urinating on handkerchiefs and holding them over nose and mouths

Question 15

8 mark structure for paragraphs

Answer 15

1. content (what can you learn)
   -judgement
   -inference
   -description or quote
2. ## context (how accurate, typical for time, limitations)