The human body (1)

Question 1

Definition of Anatomy

Answer 1

The study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another

Question 2

Definition of Physiology

Answer 2

Study of the function of body parts; how they work to carry out life-sustaining activities.

Question 3

What is the principle of complementarity of structure and function?

Answer 3

When what a structure can do depends on its specific structure.

Question 4

What is the first level of structural organisation?

Answer 4

Chemical level- atoms combine to form molecules

Question 5

What is the second level of structural organisation?

Answer 5

Cellular level- cells are made up of molecules (e.g. smooth muscle cell)

Question 6

What is the third level of organisational structure?

Answer 6

Tissue level- tissues consist of similar types of cells (e.g. smooth muscle tissue)

Question 7

What is the fourth organisational structure?

Answer 7

Organ level- organs are made up of different types of tissues

Question 8

What is the fifth level of organisational structure?

Answer 8

Organ system level- Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely.

Question 9

What is the sixth level of organisational structure?

Answer 9

Organismal level - the human organism is made up of many organ systems.

Question 10

Name 8 necessary life functions included in the maintenance of life

Answer 10

Maintaining boundaries, Movement, responsiveness, Digestion, Metabolism, Excretion, Reproduction, Growth.

Question 11

Maintaining boundaries definition and example

Answer 11

-Separation between internal and external environments must exist
-Plasma membranes separate cells

Question 12

Movement- what and example

Answer 12

-Muscular system allows movement of body parts via skeletal muscles
-smooth muscle: vasoconstriction/digestion.

Question 13

Responsiveness definition and example

Answer 13

-Ability to sense and respond to stimuli
-Withdrawal reflex prevents injury

Question 14

Digestion- what and purpose

Answer 14

-Breakdown of ingested foodstuffs
-Followed by absorption of simple molecules into blood.

Question 15

Metabolism- definition and example

Answer 15

-All chemical reactions that occur in body cells
-Sum of all catabolism (breakdown of molecules) and anabolism (synthesis of molecules)

Question 16

Excretion- meaning and examples

Answer 16

-Removal of wastes from metabolism
-Urea (from breakdown of proteins)/ faeces (unabsorbed foods)

Question 17

Reproduction- two examples

Answer 17

1.Cellular level- reproduction involves division of cells for growth or repair.
2.Organisational level- reproduction is the production of offspring

Question 18

Growth- definition

Answer 18

Increase inn size of a body part or of organism

Question 19

Humans are m-

Answer 19

Multicellular

Question 20

What are the 11 organ systems that work together to maintain

Answer 20

Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic (immunity), respiratory, digestive, urinary, male /female reproductive.

Question 21

What is the integumentary system and its purpose (2)

Answer 21

-Forms the external body covering
-Protects deeper tissues from injury
-Synthesises vitamin D
-Houses cutaneous (pain, pressure)receptors, and sweat sweat and oil glands.

Question 22

What is the Skeletal system and what is its purpose (2)

Answer 22

-Protects and supports body organs
-provide framework the muscles use to cause movement.
-Bones store minerals
-Blood cells are formed within bones

Question 23

What is the Muscular system and its purpose?

Answer 23

-Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression.
-Maintains posture, and produces heat.

Question 24

What is the Nervous system and its purpose?

Answer 24

-The fast-acting control system of the body
-It responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.

Question 25

What is the Endocrine system and its purpose?

Answer 25

-Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as: growth, reproduction, metabolism by body cells.

Question 26

What is the Cardiovascular system and its purpose

Answer 26

-Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes -The heart pumps blood

Question 27

what is the Lymphatic system/ Immunity and its purpose

Answer 27

-Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. -Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream= houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. -The immune system response mounts the attach against foreign systems.

Question 28

What is the Respiratory system and its purpose

Answer 28

-Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. -The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.

Question 29

What is the Digestive system and its purpose

Answer 29

-Breaks down food into absorb-able units -Enter the blood for distribution into the cells -Indigestible food = faeces

Question 30

What is the Urinary system and its purpose?

Answer 30

-Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body -Regulates water, electrolyte, acid-base balance of the blood.

Question 31

Male reproductive system !!!

Answer 31

-Overall function to produce offspring -Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, male ducts and glands.

Question 32

Female reproductive system

Answer 32

-Overall function is production of offspring -Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. -Remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilisation and development of fetus

Question 33

Give an example of interrelationships among body organ systems

Answer 33

1. Digestive and cardiovascular system exchanging nutrients 2.Urinary system taking nitrogenous waste and excess ions from the cardiovascular system. 3.Respiratory system exchange CO2 and O2 with cardiovascular system.

Question 34

5 factors humans need for survival that must be in the right amounts

Answer 34

1.Nutrients 2.Oxygen 3.Water 4.Normal body temp 5.App atmospheric pressure

Question 35

Nutrients (survival needs) and 2 examples.

Answer 35

*Chemicals for energy and cell building 1.Fats= long-term energy storage 2.Proteins= needed for cell building and cell chemistry 3.Carbohydrates= major source of energy 4.Minerals/Vitamins= involved in chemical reactions as well as structural purposes.

Question 36

Oxygen (survival needs)

Answer 36

*Essential for release of energy from foods

Question 37

Water (survival needs)

Answer 37

*Most abundant chemical in body; provides the watery environment needed for chemical reactions

Question 38

Normal body temperature (survival needs)

Answer 38

*If body temp falls below or goes above 37 degrees, rates of chemical reactions are affected

Question 39

Appropriate atmospheric pressure (survival needs)

Answer 39

*Specific pressure of air is needed for adequate breathing and gas exchange in lungs.

Question 40

Definition of Homeostasis

Answer 40

The maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in environment

Question 41

Variables that can affect homeostasis (3)

Answer 41

Blood sugar, body temperature, blood volume, blood pH, Sodium (potassium, calcium) ion concentrations.

Question 42

What are the three components of Homeostatic control of variables

Answer 42

1.Receptor 2.Control centre 3.Effector

Question 43

What is a receptor and what it does.

Answer 43

*A sensor that monitors the environment *Responds to stimuli (things that cause changes in controlled variables)

Question 44

What does a control centre do?

Answer 44

*A control centre receives input from the receptor to determine an appropriate response *Determines set point at which variable is maintained

Question 45

What does an effector do ?

Answer 45

*Receives output from the control centre to provide the means to respond *Response either reduces stimulus (negative feedback) or enhances stimulus (positive stimulus)

Question 46

What is negative feedback (with examples)

Answer 46

*Response reduces/shuts off original stimulus (variable changes in opposite direction of initial change) Examples: 1. Regulation of body temperature 2.Regulation of blood glucose by insulin 3. Hormone regulation (thyroid feedback loop)

Question 47

5 steps involved with keeping homeostasis

Answer 47

1.Stimulus= produces change in variable 2.Receptor= detects change 3.Input= Information sent along AFFERENT pathway to control centre 4.Output= Information sent along EFFERENT pathway to effector 5.Response of effector feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns variables to homeostatic level.

Question 48

Example of homeostatic response (5 steps)

Answer 48

1. (Stimulus) Body temperature falls 2.(Receptor) Temperature-sensitive cells in skin 3.(Control centre) Thermoregulatory centre in brain 4(.Effectors) Skeletal muscles cause the body to shiver 5.(Response) Body temperature rises, stimulus ends.

Question 49

What is positive feedback (with examples)

Answer 49

*When the response to the stimulus enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus. (Usually controls infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustment) Examples: 1.During childbirth, body releases oxytocin causing further uterine contractions. 2.Lacactation, baby sucking = more milk produced. 3.Blood clotting, platelets attracting more platelets at a wound site.