The human body (2)

Question 1

What is the standard anatomical position? (4 points)

Answer 1

-Body erect
-Feet slightly apart
-Palms facing forward
-Thumbs pointing away from body

Question 2

Definition of Directional Terms and (1-what direction based on and 2- what do right and left refer to?)

Answer 2

Describe one body structure in relation to another body structure
1.Direction is always based on standard anatomical position
2.Right and left refer to the body being viewed from behind.

Question 3

Definition of superior (cranial) with example

Answer 3

*Toward the head end or upper part of a structure.
1-The head is superior to the abdomen

Question 4

Definition of Inferior (caudal) with example

Answer 4

*Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure.
1-The navel is inferior to the chin

Question 5

Definition of anterior (ventral) and example

Answer 5

*Toward or at the front of the body (in front of)
1-The breastbone is anterior to the spine.

Question 6

Definition of Posterior (dorsal) with example

Answer 6

*Toward or at the back of the body (behind)
1-The heart is posterior to the breastbone

Question 7

Definition of Medial with example

Answer 7

*Toward in the middle of the body (on the inner side of)
1-The heart is medial to the arm

Question 8

Definition of Lateral with example

Answer 8

*Away from the midline of the body( on the outer side)
1-The arms are lateral to the chest

Question 9

Definition of Intermediate with example

Answer 9

*Between a more medial and a more lateral structure.
1-The collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder.

Question 10

Definition of Proximal with example

Answer 10

*Closer to the origin of the body part
1-The elbow is proximal to the wrist

Question 11

Definition of Distal with example

Answer 11

*Further from the origin of a body part
1-The knee is distal to the thigh

Question 12

Definition of Superficial (external) with example

Answer 12

*Toward or at the body surface
1-The skin is superficial to the skeleton muscles

Question 13

Definition of Deep (internal) with examples

Answer 13

*Away from the body surface (more internal)
1-The lungs are deep to the skin

Question 14

What are Regional terms

Answer 14

Designate specific areas within body divisions

Question 15

What are the two major divisions of the body and what do they include?

Answer 15

1- Axial (head, neck and trunk)
2- Appendicular (limbs = legs and arms)

Question 16

What are body planes?

Answer 16

Surfaces along which body or structures may be cut for anatomical study

Question 19

What is a sagittal plane?

Answer 19

*Divides body vertically into right and left parts, produces a sagittal section if cut along this plane.

Question 20

Definition of (median) plane

Answer 20

*Cut was made perfectly on midline

Question 21

Definition of parasagittal plane

Answer 21

*Cut was off-centred, not on midline.

Question 22

What is the Frontal (coronal) plane ?

Answer 22

Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts (front/back)
*Produces a frontal or coronal section

Question 23

What is the Transverse (horizontal) plane?

Answer 23

Divides body horizontally (90^o to vertical plane) into superior and inferior parts (top and bottom)
*Produces a cross section

Question 24

What is an oblique section?

Answer 24

A cut at an angle other than 90^o to vertical plane.

Question 25

Two sets of cavities (internal, closed to the environment)

Answer 25

1.Dorsal body cavity 2.Ventral body cavity

Question 26

What does the Dorsal body cavity do and its two subdivisions?

Answer 26

* Protects fragile nervous system 1.Cranial cavity( encases brain) 2.Vertebral cavity (encases spinal cord)

Question 27

What does the Ventral body cavity do and its two subdivisions (separated by the diaphragm)?

Answer 27

* Houses the internal organs (collectively called viscera) 1.Thoracic cavity 2.Abdominopelvic cavity

Question 28

Two cavities (M &P) in the Thoracic cavity and what they contain (3 points)

Answer 28

*Each cavity surrounds one lung 1.Mediastinum contains the PERICARDIAL cavity -Surrounds other thoracic organs, such as the esophagus, trachea 2. PERICARDIAL : Encloses the heart!!!

Question 29

Cavities in the abdominopelvic cavity and examples of what they contain?

Answer 29

1. Abdominal cavity -stomach, small intestine, large intestine, kidneys, liver. 2.Pelvic cavity- bladder, rectum, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries.

Question 30

Structure of abdominal cavity in comparison to the pelvic cavity

Answer 30

The walls of the abdominal cavity are muscle only (pelvic cavity limited protection due to pelvic bones) so organs in this area are most vulnerable to trauma.

Question 31

What is the Serosa membrane (also known as the serous membrane)

Answer 31

*Thin, double layered membranes that cover surfaces in the ventral body cavity

Question 32

Two types of serous membrane

Answer 32

1.Parietal serosa lines internal body cavity walls 2.Visceral serosa covers internal organs (viscera)

Question 33

What separates the parietal and visceral serosa?

Answer 33

A slit-like cavity filled with serous fluid that both layers of the membrane secrete.

Question 34

Organs associated with: Pericardium, Pleurae, Peritoneum.

Answer 34

1,Heart 2.Lungs 3.Abdominopelvic cavity

Question 35

What happens when the serous membranes are infected? with examples

Answer 35

1.They can become inflamed (also due to other causes) 2.Normally smooth layers can become rough and can stick together (very painful) e.g. pleurisy, peritonitis, pericarditis

Question 36

Name the 4 quadrants (division) of the abdominopelvic region

Answer 36

~Right upper quadrant (RUQ) ~Left upper quadrant (LUQ) ~Right lower quadrant (RLQ) ~Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

Question 37

Nine regions of the abdominopelvic region

Answer 37

-Right hypochondriac region -Epigastric region -Left hypochondriac region -Right lumbar region -Umbilical region -Left lumber region -Right Iliac (inguinal) region -Hypogastric region -Left iliac (inguinal) region

Question 38

4 smaller cavities the body has that are exposed to the environment. And one not exposed

Answer 38

Oral cavity Nasal cavity Orbital cavity Middle ear cavities Synovial cavities (joint cavities)