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BIOLOGY > The Human Eye > Flashcards

The Human Eye Flashcards

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1
Q

describe the conjunctiva

A

mucous membrane, covering the front of eye 1/5

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2
Q

specifically state the functions of the conjunctiva

A
  1. produces lubrication mucous that prevents drying out.

2. pain receptors that reflexively cause eyelids to close from foreign objects

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3
Q

describe the sclera

A

tough, white inelastic and made of connective tissue and covers posterior 4/5

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4
Q

specifically state the functions of the sclera

A
  1. provides attachment for 6 extrinsic eye muscles,

2. it is inelastic so it keeps the posture right

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5
Q

describe the cornea

A

continuation of sclera in front of eye, transparent, curved to cause refraction

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6
Q

specifically state the functions of the cornea

A

protection of the eye, causes set converging refraction

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7
Q

name the structures of the outer fibrous coat

A

conjunctiva
cornea
sclera

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8
Q

describe the choroid

A

thin and dark straight below the SCELRA filled with blood vessels

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9
Q

functions of the choroid

A

absorbs light to prevent reflection which can cause blurriness and supply eye with nourishments of oxygen and food to retina cells

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10
Q

describe the ciliary body

A

muscular extension of CHOROID used to change the shape of the lens

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11
Q

function of the ciliary

A

controlling bulge of lens during accommodation

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12
Q

describe the iris

A

coloured extension of CHOROID used to adjust the amount of light entering the eye or how large the pupil is

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13
Q

definition of annular

A

ring

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14
Q

state the two involuntary muscles

A
  1. circular

2. radial

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15
Q

why are circular and radial muscles antagonistic

A

because the counteract each other one contracts while the other relaxes

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16
Q

describe the radial muscles

A

straight
contract (pull away) there’s a big pupil in DIM LIGHT
relax (longer) constricted pupil in BRIGHT LIGHT

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17
Q

describe the circular muscles

A

contract (move to the middle) there’s a smaller pupil in BRIGHT LIGHT
relax (they go away leaving a hole) dilated pupil in DIM LIGHT

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18
Q

describe the pupil

A

it is not a structure it is in fact just an opening and looks black because of the dark cavity, it is the point where light enters

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19
Q

how does brown affect the chances of iris colour

A

since brown is such a dominant colour, if you were to get a blue colour that means that there is no presence of brown pigment

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20
Q

function of the iris

A

controls the amount of light entering the eye by pupillary mechanism with the circular and radial muscles

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21
Q

name the structures of the middle vascular layer

A

choroid
iris
ciliary body

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22
Q

what is the pigment layer

A

it is a dark layer in the retina that absorbs light

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23
Q

describe the nervous layer

A

area of the retina that contains the photoreceptors, rods, and cones

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24
Q

function of photoreceptors

A

converts light stimulus into nerve impulses

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25
describe rod cells
found in the PERIPHERAL of retina (edge)
26
function of the rods
give peripheral vision and respond to low light/night viand black and white
27
describe cone cells
responds to bright light and colour vision
28
function of the cones
detect colour , sharper and clearer vision
29
describe the neural layer
has photoreceptors synapses and axons of optic nerve
30
function of the neural layer
has neurons that carry impulses to optic nerve and the optic nerve carries it to the occipital lobe to cerebellum where it is interpreted as sight
31
describe the blind spot
no cones or rods, it is the place where the optic nerve and blood vessels and no vision is registered
32
function of blind spot
not sensitive to light
33
describe the yellow spot
centre of retina and it only has cones (macula lutea)
34
function of yellow spot
area of greatest clarity
35
name the structures of the retina (4)
pigment layer nervous layer blind spot yellow spot
36
name the structures of the nervous layer (2)
photoreceptors | neural layer
37
what two cells are in the photoreceptors
rods and cones
38
what is the optic nerve
a collection of sensory neurons that go to cns
39
describe the lens
biconvexed, flexible transparent and refracts light (not set) and is held in place by the suspensory ligaments which are attached to the ciliary body
40
function of the lens
can change shape focusing of light on retina
41
describe the suspensory ligaments
works with the ciliary body to help lens bend light
42
describe the eye cavities
divided by the lens and suspensory ligaments into anterior and posterior
43
describe the anterior cavity
constantly refreshing/replenishing with nutrients front of lens watery fluid called aqueous humour
44
function of aqueous humour
carries away toxins provides nutrients like oxygen provides correct pressure in the front of the eye
45
describe the posterior cavity
jelly like which is called the vitreous humour | it is also formed when we are embryos and lasts a lifetime
46
functions of the vitreous humour
prevents eyeball from collapsing | and is holding retina against choroid
47
what is it when there is a bending of light
refraction
48
what is it called when the light rays move apart
diverge
49
what is it called when light rays move closer
converge
50
explain binocular vision
vision with 2 eyes with overlapping fields of view allowing good perception of depth and 3 dimensional images
51
explain pupillary mechanism
it is when the circular and radial muscles contract and relax to control the amount of light entering through pupil to retina in response to various light
52
explain accommodation
changing the shape of the lens to focus on images from different distances
53
what is myopia
short sightedness condition where people struggle to focus on object far
54
what hypermetropia
long sightedness condition where people struggle to see objects from a close to the eye
55
what causes myopia
too long eyeball
56
what is going on with the lens and cornea with short sightedness
they are TOO CONVEX (too much bulge)
57
remedy for myopia
conCAVED lenses! that will DIVERGE the light before the eye
58
what causes hypermetropia
too short eyeball
59
what is going on with the lens and cornea withlong sightedness
they are too FLAT (little bulge)
60
remedy for hypermetropia
conVEXED lenses! that will CONVERGE light before the eye
61
go into detail to explain binocular vision
each eye will get a slightly different view of object as the image enters the posterior cavity it is upside down when it hits the back of the retina then is sent through the optic nerve to the occipital lobe to the cerebellum then brain combines the 2 views to form a single 3D image helps with depth perception and size of object
62
hereditary conditions that causes irregularly shaped cornea or lens
corneal astigmatism | lenticular astigmatism
63
corneal astigmatism which is bad and which is good
rugby ball soccer ball respectively
64
lenticular astigmatism which is bad and which is good
lens lands on 2 points of retina one point on retina respectively
65
what happens if you dont fix it
headaches and eye strain
66
what factors could cause it astigmatism
scratched, injury or could just be hereditary
67
remedies for astigmatism
glasses, contact lenses, or refractive LASER surgery
68
a condition where proteins in lens begin to clumps and clouds the vision and can lead to blindness
cataracts
69
what is the lens made of
water + protein
70
how can we diagnose cataracts
vision tests | check for colour change in the lens might turn yellowish
71
how can we diagnose cataracts
vision tests | check for colour change in the lens might turn yellowish
72
In accommodation explain what happens when there is something close
It is not natural for the lens to be bulged | Our ciliary contract and suspensory relaxes
73
In accommodation explains what happens when there’s something far
It is natural for the lens to be flat because there wouldn’t be a strain Our ciliary relaxes and suspensory contracts
74
Flat lens + far object | Is it correct? And where does it land
Yes and it lands on the retina
75
Flat lens + close object | Is it correct? And where does it land
No | It goes past the retina, landing on 2 points making it blurry
76
Bilge lens + far object | Is it correct and where does it land?
No | It doesn’t land on the retina
77
state the 3 function of the eye
pathway of light rays and image formation stimulation of photoreceptors pathways of nerve impulses
78
explain the first step out of 4 for the pathway of light
light passes through air and all through the structures of the eye to stimulate photoreceptors
79
explain the second step out of 4 for the pathway of light AND ALSO DISCUSS WHAT HAPPENS DURING REFRACTION
refraction when light passes from one substance to another off different density and it's rays are bent
80
explain the third step out of 4 for the pathway of light
the light rays converge to form a focused image on yellow spot of retina
81
explain the fourth step out of 4 for the pathway of light
the image shows up smaller than the object and upside down and reversed from left to right all inside the eye then optic nerve send it to the occipital lobe and them cerebellum to fix it, where it is interpreted as sight

BIOLOGY (3 decks)

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