The Industrial Revolution

Question 1

What was the significance of Rothschild?

Answer 1

1840-1915 - Was elected as an MP, but could not take office because he is a jew because of the oath is specificity to Christian faith. Was elected 4 times before he could use his own oath.

Question 2

What was the importance of Mendelssohn?

Answer 2

1729-86 - Despite accomplishments, he had barriers because he is a Jew. Two ideas to combat attacks on his Judaism: Idea that all religions were based on the golden rule. All religions deserved equal rights.

Question 3

What is the important of Gans?

Answer 3

1797-1839 - PhD in Law, 1820, Was denied by the Law Dean to teach at University because they could not teach others or serve as good mentor. Eventually he gets to be a professor after he is baptized.

Question 4

What was the important of Lessing?

Answer 4

1729-81philosophe and important to enlightened. Works with Mendelssohn to create a philosophy journal

Question 5

What is Nathan the Wise?

Answer 5

play by Lessing. “What makes you a good Christian makes me a good Jew”

Question 6

What put Jews in a unique position to excel?

Answer 6

They were more urbanized
More immune to infection than those moving to cities
Judaism valued learning (including literacy for women)
Family businesses tying to other businesses including railroad
Once barriers to equal opportunity stop, they are in a position to excel

Question 7

What was the station of German-Jews in the 1870s?

Answer 7

as opposed to 1800 were more educated, upward mobility to middle class and such

Question 8

What was the station of the French-Jews?

Answer 8

were the first to get equal religious rights, embraced the state, they were serving in the government and financial institutions. There was definitely still anti-semitism

Question 9

When did Prussia give Jews legal equality?

Answer 9

1812

Question 10

How did Britain deal with Jews?

Answer 10

Britain in 1829 a bill passes to have other religions allowed in political life, but not jews.

Question 11

What were the restrictions put on Jews?

Answer 11

forced to required to live in ghettos
carnival celebrations
called jesus killers
only allowed to do certain jobs like money lending
wearing a yellow star when they leave the ghetto

Question 12

Why was the problem with Jews converting to Christianity?

Answer 12

The idea was that baptism washed away the stain of being a Jew. Then some Jews stop converting because it does not gain them the respect

Question 13

What brings the Rise of Race theory?

Answer 13

starts talking about the biologically inferior to others (of Jews). These negative things are passed down despite converting

Question 14

What brought on the resurgence of anti-Semitism in the mid-19th century?

Answer 14

There was even a conference and spurred political movements against them. Suspicion that Jews were controlling the economy for their benefit.

Question 15

What is the basics of the Industrial revolution?

Answer 15

mechanized system that made things very cheap for markets that weren’t there before

Question 16

What were the 3 major contributors?

Answer 16

1. the explosion of textiles and cotton
2. The use of energy of coal
3. Suddenly available pool of workers (i.e. women and children)

Question 17

Why did England switch to coal for energy in the 18th century?

Answer 17

England had used up so much of it’s trees

Question 18

Why didn’t Britain use water power?

Answer 18

Water power was seasonal and so was problematic because you could not really densely populate factories because there was only so much river space

Question 19

What did tariffs do to the price of commodities in the beginning?

Answer 19

The take off of the economy because of the tariffs that protect the home market which made it cheaper to be home grown than imported

Question 20

Why was it important for the British Navy to protect exports?

Answer 20

less was lost to pirates which hiked up the prices of what did make it to destinations. Made things cheaper.

Question 21

What was the initial reaction of the middle class to falling prices of commodities?

Answer 21

The first instinct of the middle class is to save money, but if they are to build up things, they were not flashy about it because they did not want to give the idea of them buying above their station

Question 22

What was the religious view on spending money?

Answer 22

The caution of consumerism was reinforced by religious lines. Avoiding indulgences

Question 23

What was the Dutch Middle Class like?

Answer 23

They were good at saving and had great capital, but they also bought comforts. Things that were utilitarian AND pretty

Question 24

How does Religions deal with the rise of commercialism?

Answer 24

Religious dissent to luxury begins to wan around the 1700s. They justify it as refining oneself

Question 25

What is an example of the high price of clothes pre-revolution?

Answer 25

The middle class had so little clothes, were able to employe about 6 people which shows the price of textiles and labor

Question 26

Who does fashion come into play?

Answer 26

This changes to a fashion pattern with the cheapness of textiles. In the late 18th century. You start to get new things every year
They create this idea of buying to be up to date, but not utilitarian need

Question 27

What is consumerism of the working class?

Answer 27

Consumption does not go up for the lower working classes until the 1880s