The Integumentary System Flashcards
(92 cards)
1
Q
integument, an organ within the integumentary system
A
Skin
2
Q
composed of skin + accessory organs (e.g., nails, hair, glands, sensory receptors)
A
Integumentary system:
3
Q
Retains internal body heat via
A
subcutaneous layer
4
Q
eliminates excessive body heat through subcutaneous dilated blood vessels
A
Radiation of heat
5
Q
eliminates excessive body heat directly through skin
A
Convection and conduction
6
Q
eliminates excessive body heat on surface of skin
A
Evaporation of perspiration
7
Q
5 functions of integumentary system
A
A. Protective covering B. Regulation of body temperature C. Housing of sensory receptors D. Synthesis of vitamin D E. Excretion of waste materials (by means of perspiration)
8
Q
the most superficial layer of skin
A
Epidermis
Composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium; contains four types of cells
9
Q
predominate cell type; manufacture keratin
A
Keratinocytes:
10
Q
structural protein which toughens and waterproofs the surface of the epidermis
A
Keratin
11
Q
manufacture melanin, a brown pigment
A
Melanocytes
12
Q
immune cells
A
Dendritic cells (aka, Langerhans cells, histocytes)
13
Q
type I tactile mechanoreceptors
A
Merkel cells (aka, discs)
14
Q
Histologically, divisible into four or five distinct layers, depending upon skin thickness
A
thin skin (four layers) vs. thick skin (five layers)
15
Q
deepest layer, highly mitotic
A
Stratum basale
16
Q
mitotic only in its deeper layers; begins synthesis of keratin
A
Stratum spinosum:
17
Q
stratum basale + stratum spinosum
Primary site of cholecalciferol manufacture
A
Stratum germinativum
18
Q
flattened cells, filling up with keratin
A
Stratum granulosum
19
Q
present only in thick skin (i.e., palms of the hands and soles of the feet)
A
Stratum lucidum
20
Q
20-30 layers of flattened, keratinized dead cells
A
Stratum corneum
21
Q
Composed of connective tissue, and housing muscle fibers, blood vessels, hair follicles, exocrine glands, and nerve fibers
Two layers
A
Dermis
22
Q
loose connective tissue directly underlying the epidermis
A
Papillary layer
23
Q
Dermal ridges (such as fingerprints and toe prints) due to the
A
pulling of elastic fibers in the papillary layer
24
Q
dense irregular connective tissue underlying the papillary layer
A
Reticular layer
Quite distensible and resilient; when over-stretched, it tears, producing ‘stretch marks
25
adipose tissue and loose connective tissue, interlaced with blood vessels
Binds skin to underlying structures
Subcutaneous layer (aka, hypodermis, superficial fascia):
26
serves as heat insulator and energy reservoir
Conserves internal body heat or impedes entrance of external heat
Adipose tissue
27
varies throughout the body and between the sexes (generally 8% thicker in women than in men)
Distribution of subcutaneous adipose tissue
28
Thickness of subcutaneous layer can be indicative of
nutritional status
29
due to blood flow in dermis and subcutaneous layers
Pink skin
30
yellowish pigment acquired through the diet
Carotene
31
Having a thicker stratum corneum with an associated increase in the amount of the structural protein keratin; primarily found among people of East Asian descent
Yellow skin
32
due to melanin, a brown-black pigment produced by the melanocytes found in the stratum basale; imparts a light-to-dark brown coloration to the skin, depending upon its concentration
Brown skin
33
Human skin color differences are primarily due to differences in the amount of
melanin produced and its distribution
everyone has approximately the same number of melanocytes
34
small, isolated patches of highly concentrated melanin secretion
Freckles
35
darkest skin tones found in areas that have greatest amounts of sunlight; lightest skin tones found in areas that have least amounts of sunlight
Geographic distribution of skin color
36
Age differences; sex differences (aka, sexual dimorphism)
Functional significance of human skin coloration
37
serve to protect against cell damage due to excessive ultraviolet radiation (UVR)
Dark skin tones
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absorbs ultraviolet radiation and prevents excessive amounts reaching the mitotic cells of stratum germinativum and dermis
Melanin
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Presence of a thicker stratum corneum also prevents excessive ............................ reaching the lower mitotic cell layers
ultraviolet radiation
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melanocytes respond to increased amounts of ultraviolet radiation by producing more melanin
Tanning
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is dependent upon sufficient amounts of ultraviolet radiation reaching the lower levels of the epidermis to facilitate this chemical process
Production of vitamin D by the body
42
necessary for proper bone growth and maintenance; a deficiency results in rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults
Vitamin D
43
is more susceptible to damage by extreme cold than is lighter skin
Dark skin
44
resides in the dermis and subcutaneous layer, but originate from epidermal tissue
Hair and the hair follicle (primarily is short and very fine)
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tube-like structure which protrudes down into the dermis, houses an individual hair
Follicle
| Consists of an outer connective root sheath and an inner epithelial root sheath
46
zone of actively dividing cells at the base of the hair
Bulb
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column of flattened, dead keratinized cells within the follicle
Root
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column of flattened, dead keratinized cells external to the skin's surface
Shaft
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Hair root and shaft are made up of .................. (inner core), ..................... (middle section), and................... (outer portion)
medulla,cortex, and cuticle
50
(composed of smooth muscle) and the production of ‘goose bumps’
Arrector pili muscle
Contraction of the arrector pili muscle causes the hair follicle to straighten
response to cold or sudden fear/threat situations
51
located in the base of the hair bulb
melanocytes
52
high concentration of melanin =
dark hair
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moderate amount =
light brown hair
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little melanin =
blond hair
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no melanin =
white hair
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mixture of pigmented and unpigmented hairs =
gray hair
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pigment containing iron=
red hair
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determined (in part) by shape and size of hair follicle
texture
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scalp (in adults and children), face, axilla, and pubic area (in adults only)
areas of dense hair concentration
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European descent are the ....................., East Asians and Amerindians are the
hairiest ('hirsute'), least hairy ('glabrous')
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modified hardened stratum corneum; divisible into nail root, nail body, and free edge
Nail plate
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underlying the nail plate; continuous with stratum basale and stratum spinosum of surrounding epidermis
Nail bed
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part of the nail plate; light half-moon region at the proximal end of the nail plate, due to extreme thickness of underlying nail bed
Lunula
64
Nails function
protection; facilitation of digital dexterity
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lubricates and waterproofs hair and stratum corneum
Holocrine secretion (sebum)
66
(usually due to overproduction of sebum) lead to acne
Clogged sebaceous ducts
67
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Branched alveolar in shape, connected to the hair follicle
secretes Holocrine (sebum)
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Sebaceous gland
68
concentrated in axillary and pubic regions
found all over the body, especially forehead, back, palms, and soles
Sudoriferous (aka, sweat) gland
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Sudoriferous (aka, sweat) gland
Produces an odoriferous merocrine secretion in respond to emotional stress
Tubular in shape, connected to the hair follicle
Apocrine gland
70
Sudoriferous (aka, sweat) gland
Produces a thin merocrine secretion
Tubular in shape, exits directly onto the surface of the skin
Eccrine gland
71
i. functions in evaporative cooling of the body
| ii. Also eliminates some chemical wastes (e.g., lactic acid, uric acid)
The true sweat gland
merocrine secretion
72
Tactile receptors
Touch
Pressure
73
located in the dermal papillae; discriminate touch
Corpuscle of touch (aka, Meissner’s corpuscle, tactile corpuscle)
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sensory nerve endings wrapped around the base of the hair follicle; discriminate touch
Hair root plexus
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type I mechanoreceptor, located in the stratum basale; discriminate touch
Merkel cell/disc
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type II mechanoreceptor, located deep in the dermis; non-discriminate touch (‘crude’ touch)
Ruffini’s endings/corpuscles
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PRESSURE responds to sustained pressure; located deep in the dermis and subcutaneous layer (and other places within the body, as well)
lamellated corpuscle (aka, Pacinian corpuscle)
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free nerve endings, responding to HOT OR COLD TEMPERATURES; located in the epidermis
Thermal receptors
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free nerve endings, responding to TISSUE TRAUMA OR EXTREME TISSUE DEFORMATION; located in the epidermis
Pain receptors (aka, nociceptors)
80
greater mitotic activity in the stratum basale and stratum spinosum
Healing of wounds Involving just the epidermis
81
a. Wound causes rupture of blood vessels within the dermis (and subcutaneous layer, if that extensive), with resultant bleeding
b. Blood platelets and fibrinogen proteins form a clot, which stops bleeding
c. Scab forms and seals off wound
d. Within the dermis (and subcutaneous layer, if damaged), fibroblasts form collagen fibers which bind wound edges together; within the epidermis, epithelial cells migrate in from wound edges and start proliferating
e. Scab sloughs off when healing is nearly complete
Healing of wounds Involving the dermis and/or subcutaneous layer
82
a. Injury to the epidermis only
| b. Skin becomes warm and reddened; surface layers of skin may be shed (i.e., ‘peeling’)
First-degree (aka, superficial partial-thickness)
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a. Destruction of the epidermis and some underlying dermis as well (but not the accessory organs)
b. Skin blisters and healing process will involve epithelial cells from the accessory organs within the damaged area
Second-degree (aka, deep partial-thickness)
84
a. Destroys the epidermis, dermis, and accessory organs
| b. Epithelial healing can occur only at the margins of the injury
Third-degree (aka, full-thickness)
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a. Destruction extends through all layers of the skin and perhaps, into the underlying tissues
b. Epithelial healing can occur only at the margins of the injury
Fourth degree
86
benign abnormal growth of melanocytes
Mole (aka, nevus):
87
abnormal growth of skin tissue caused by viral infection
Wart (aka, verruca):
88
thought to be due to long-term exposure to ultraviolet radiation; malignant
Cutaneous carcinoma
| Divisible into basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma
89
thought to be due to relatively short, but intense exposure to ultraviolet radiation; highly malignant
Cutaneous melanoma
90
Asymmetry, irregular Borders, abnormal and/or multiple Colors, increasing or large Diameter (larger than a pencil eraser), Evolution (any unexplained change)
'ABCD' rule for identification of cutaneous melanoma
91
1. Dietary deficiencies
2. Heavy metal exposure (i.e., lead, mercury, arsenic)
3. Allergic reactions
4. Specific diseases
Integumentary system as a clinical indicator
92
1. Loss of elasticity in the dermis
2. Decrease in amount of adipose tissue in subcutaneous layer
3. Decreased activity of hair follicles and exocrine glands (especially, eccrine and sebaceous glands)
4. Changes in pigmentation (of skin and hair)
5. Increase in number of moles
Aging
