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A&P 400 > The Integumentry System > Flashcards

The Integumentry System Flashcards

0
Q

What 4 tissues make up the skin?

A
  • Nerve
  • Muscle
  • Epithelial
  • Connective tissue
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1
Q

What systems exist in the integumentary system?

A
  1. Skin aka “cutaneous membrane”: includes epidermis and dermis
  2. Accessory Structures - hair, oil, sweat glands, and sensory receptors
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2
Q

How thick is the entire system?

A

1-2 mm thick

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3
Q

Functions of the Integumentary system

A
  1. Regulates/maintains body temp.
  2. “Stores” blood
  3. Protection - Innate Immune System
  4. Detects sensations/sensory info
  5. Excrete/absorbs susbstances
  6. Sythsizes Vit D
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4
Q

The Cutaneous Membrane consists of:

A
  1. Epidermmis - superficial/thin, epithelial tissue, avascular
  2. Dermis - Deep/thick, connective tissue, vascualar
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5
Q

Vascular portion of Cutaneous Membrane

A

Dermis

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6
Q

Avascular portion of Cutaneous Membrane

A

Epidermis - , bottom layer has cells dividing, thus not entirely asvascular

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7
Q

Which layer is NOT a part of the skin?

A

Subcutaneous or hypodermis

Conatins:

  • consists of areolar and adipose tissue
  • blood vessel passage
  • “pressure sensing” nerve endings
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8
Q

What type of cells make up the Epidermis layer?

A

Squamous Epithelial cells

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9
Q

What are the 4 principle cell TYPES that make up the epidermis?

A
  1. Keratinocytes
  2. Melanocytes
  3. Langerhans cells
  4. Merkel cells
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10
Q

Purpose of Keratinocytes

A
  • produce keratin; protects skin from heat, microbes, and chemicals
  • produce lamellar granules; act as waterproofing for skin

In Epidermis

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11
Q

Melanocytes

A
  • produces pigment melanin, colour of skin

- protects skin from UV rays

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12
Q

Langerhans Cells

A
  • Immune response, derived from Red Bone Marrow
  • Consists of epidermal Dendritic cells, B cells, Macrophages

Epidermis

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13
Q

Merkel cells

A

Sensory cells

consist of tactile Merkel discs

Epidermis

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14
Q

5 LAYERS of the Epidrmis:

A 
Deepest
1.Stratum Basale (Germinativum)
2. Stratum Spinosum
3. Stratum Granulosum
4. Stratum Lucidum (only in palms and soles of feet)
5. Stratum Cerneum
Superficial
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15
Q

Keratinization

A

-replacement of cell contents with Keratin (protein)

Stems cells produce keratinocytes; as keratinocytes are pushed upwards through layers, they fill with keratin

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16
Q

The Dermis layer consists of:

A
  • consists of Connective Tissue & Dense Irregular Tissue
    Thick layer, thicker than epidermis

Contains:

  1. Fibres - collagen & elastic
  2. Cells - fibroblasts, macrophages, fat cells
  3. Hair follicles, glands, nerve/blood vessels
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17
Q

Collagen Fibers

A

strength, flexibility

found in parallel bunches

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18
Q

Elastic Fibers

A

Strong & stretchy

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19
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Secrete the fibers and ground substance of extracellular matrix

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20
Q

Macrophages

A

engulf bacteria and cellular debris via Phagocytosis

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21
Q

Fat cells

A

Store lipids

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22
Q

Majors regions of the Dermis

A

A. Papillary

B. Reticular

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23
Q

5 Layers from deepest to superficial of the Epidermis

A
  1. Stratum Basale (Germinativum)
  2. Stratum Spinosum
  3. Stratum Lucidum
  4. Stratum Corneum
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24
Q

Stratum Basale

A

(Germanativum)
- Deepest layer, contains Merkel cells, Melanocytes, keratinocutes, and Stem cells. These divided repeatedly to produce Keratinocytes

  • Keratinocytes have “Tonofilaments” = produce Keratin in sup. layers
  • When this portion of skin is damaged, no new skin can grow
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25
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A
  • Provides strength/flex by cell held together by Desmosomes
  • “Spiny appearance
  • Melanocytes & Langerhans cells are present
    Melanocytes are absorbed by Keratinocytes
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26
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A
  • Middle layer, divides metabolic cells from dead cells
  • Apoptosis occurs here
  • Kerinocytes here contain protein Keratohyaline = converts tonofilamets into Keratin
  • Keratinocytes contain lamellar granules that release lipids that repel H20
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27
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A

Dead cells

- ONLY present in fingers, soles of feet, palms; places that have extrat friction. Adds tough layer

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28
Q

Stratum Corneum

A
  • Dead skin cells with Keratin & Lamellar Granular lipids to repel H2O
  • Protects deeper layers from light, heat, water chems, bacteria
  • Callus can form here when there’s extra friction
29
Q

Keratinization

A

As Keratinocytes are pushed up through the strata layers, they undergo the process to become keratin. (Tonofilaments + Keratohyaline)

30
Q

The Dermis

A
  • Dense Irregular C.T., thick
  • Made up of Collagen & Elastin
  • Has stretch and recoil
  • Fibroblasts and Macrophages
  • 2 Regions: Papillary and Reticular
31
Q

Papillary Region

A

Dermis

  • contains Meissners ( touch, sensory) corpuscles and Capillaries
  • anchors Epidermis to Dermis
32
Q

Reticular Region

A

Dermis

  • Collagen fibers (resists stretch)
  • Fibroblasts, macrophages,
  • B.V. nerves, sebaceous glands, suderiferous glands, ducts/hair follicles
33
Q

Epidermal Ridges

A

Finger prints

  • in areas of high friction (fingers/hands/feet)
  • increases friction for touch sensation (Meissner Corpuscles)
34
Q

Melanin

A
  • converts Tyrosine to Melanin
  • UV increases production
  • same # of melanocytes in everyone, but different amount of pigment are produced
35
Q

Carotene in dermis

A
  • in Stratum Corneum & Dermis

- precursor of Vit A

36
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Red, O2 carrying pigments in blood cells

37
Q

Psoriasis

A

Rapid division and movement of kertinocytes thorough epidermal strata

38
Q

Albinism

A

Inability to produce Melanin or Tyrosinase ( rate limiting enzyme controlling production of Melanin)

39
Q

Vitiligo

A
  • Complete/partial loss of melanocytes from patches of skin

- could be auto-immune

40
Q

Skingrafts

A
  • Needed when new skin cannot regenerate if Stratum Basale is damaged

2 types:
Autograft: skin taken from another part of body to replace damaged skin
Isograft: taken from twin

41
Q

In which Epithelial Layer is Melanin absorbed?

A

Stratum Spinosum

42
Q

What Is a Callus?

A

-Abnorm thickening of Stratum Corneum b/c of increased friction = increase Keratin production

43
Q

Dandruff

A

Excessive amount of Keratinized cells shed from Epidermis

44
Q

Psoriasis

A
  • Chronic skin disorder, knees, elbows, scalp

- skin sheds at rapid rate, (3-5 days) Keratinocytes don’t have time to mature = abnorm Keratin which forms flaky scales

45
Q

Skin Grafts

A

Needed when Stratum Basale is destroyed. Usually taken from another region of body

46
Q

Stretch Marks

A

Dermal B.V.s and collagen fibres break when skin is overstratched resulting in growth of scar tissue “white streaks”

47
Q

Tension lines/lines of cleavage

A

indicate direction of underlying collagen fibres

48
Q

Albinism

A

inability to produce pigment - Melanin/melanocytes & tyrosinase, (rate limiting enzyme controlling melanin production).

49
Q

Age Spots

A

accumulation of melanin over time due to sun exposure

50
Q

Vitiligo

A

Complete or partial loss of melanocytes from patches of skin

51
Q

Erythema

A

redness, enlargement of capillaries in dermis during inflam

52
Q

What parts of the body are the most rapid areas for Transdermal Drug Administration?

A

Scrotum, face, Scalp - thinnest skin in the body

53
Q

Pressure Soars aka Decubitus Ulcers

A

“Bed soars” caused by break in blood flow to an area under pressure, causes necrotization

54
Q

What is the growth cycle of hair?

A
  1. Growth Phase: 2-6 yrs, matrix cells are producing
  2. Regression Phase: 2-3 wks, matrix stopd, hair follicle stops
  3. Resting Phase: 3 mths, old hair falls out, new growth begins

85% of scalp hair are in “growth phase”

55
Q

What type of hair does a fetus have in utero

A

Lanugo hair - fine, nonpigmented, cover entire fetus

56
Q

what type of hair does fetal Lanugo hair turn into before birth?

A

Terminal hair - heavily pigmented hair on eyelids, scalp, eyebrows

Vellus hair - “peach fuzz” replaces hair on rest of body

57
Q

At puberty, Vellus hair replaced by:

A

Terminal hair - to face, pubic, limbs, and chest

58
Q

what hormone stimulates hair grown in males at puberty?

A

ANDROGENS

59
Q

The base of a hair follicle is called:

A

The bulb

60
Q

List two hair related structures

A

Arrector Pili: mm in dermis, contract with cold/fear, goosebumps

Hair Root Plexus: Sensory dendrites/neuron that detect hair mvmt
“how you can feel mosquitos”

61
Q

What is the hair root Plexus?

A

Dendrites/neurons, detect hair mvmt and sensory touch

62
Q

The hair follicle consists of:

A
  1. External Root Sheath - cont. of epidermis

2. Internal Roots Sheath

63
Q

What is the function of the site and function of the Hair Matrix

A
  • Exist in the Medula, located in the Bulb

- Site for cell division, Stratum Basale

64
Q

What are the two types of Melanin that produce hair colour?

A
  1. Eumelanin: brown to black
  2. Pheomelanin: yellow to red

Hormones affect growth/loss of hair

65
Q

Chemotherapy

A

rapidly kills dividing cells of hair matrix

15% of hairs in “resting stage” are not affected

66
Q

Alopecia

A

partial/complete loss of hair from chemo, genes, age, endocrine disorder

67
Q

Hirsutism

A

“wolf boy”
- excessive hair growth all over body

  • caused by tumor in adrenal galnds, increases Androgen production
68
Q

Androgenic Alopecia

A

male pattern baldness

69
Q

What are the 4 phases of wound healing?

A
  1. Inflam phase: blots clots form, epithelial cells migrate, vasodialation allow increased Phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophages, fibroblasts)
  2. Migratory Phase: epithelial cells bridge wound, Fibroblasts form scar tissue, revascularaztion, GRANULAR TUSSUE=COLLAGEN +GLYCOPROTIENS
  3. Proliferation Phase: growth continues
  4. Maturation Phase: Fibroblast disappear, Collagen fibres organize, B.V.srestored, scab sloughs off
70
Q

Function of skin (6)

A
  1. Thermoregulation
  2. Blood Reesvoir
  3. Protection
  4. Cutaneous Sensation
  5. Synthesis of Vit D
  6. Excretion / Absorption
71
Q

4 types of glands

A
  1. Sebaceous - Oil, produces Sebum
  2. Sudeferous - Sweat, Apocrine (puberty, along hair follicle, B.O.), Eccrine (own gland in epidermis, devel. at birth)
  3. Ceruminous - Wax, Sebum + Ceruminous = Cerumen
  4. Mamillary - milk

A&P 400 (1 decks)

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