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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > The Interaugmentary system chapter 6 > Flashcards

The Interaugmentary system chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

The Integumentary system

A

System of the body that includes skin, hair, nails, glands, blood vessels, muscles, and nerves. All relating to the structures of the skin.

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2
Q

Dermatology

A

Medical specialty involving the diagnosis and treatment for disorders of the integumentary system.

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3
Q

Cutaneous Membrane

A

another name for skin

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4
Q

Thick skin: where is it found and what makes it different from thin skin

A

Covers the palms, palmar surfaces of digits, and soles of feet. It does not have hair cells or sebaceous glands that secrete oil to protect the skin.

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5
Q

Thin skin: where it is found, and how it differs from thick skin

A

Found all over the body, wherever hair can be found, has hair cells and sebaceous cells that secrete oil to protect the hair and the skin.

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6
Q

Functions of the skin

A

Thermal regulation, blood reservoir, protection, sensation, excretion and absorption, and synthesizes vitamin D

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7
Q

Epidermis

A

Outer layer of the skin, epithelial tissue

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8
Q

Dermis

A

Inner thicker layer of the skin that consists of connective tissue.

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9
Q

Subcutaneous layer or hypodermis

A

attaches skin to underlying tissues and organs

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10
Q

Papillary region

A

Most superficial region of the dermis
Made of Areolar CT
Elastic fibers, Dermal Papillae that house capillaries, corpuscles of touch, and free nerve endings

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11
Q

Reticular Region

A

Deeper portion of the dermis
consistes of irregular CT
Collagen, elastic fibers, adipocytes, hair follicles, nerves, sebaceous glands, and sudiferous glands

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12
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Epidermal cell that produces keratin

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13
Q

Keratin

A

a tough fibrous protein that provides protection

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14
Q

Melanocyte

A

Epidermal cell that produces melanin

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15
Q

Melanin

A

protects the dna against damage by UV radiation

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16
Q

Langerhans cells or dendritic cells

A

Involved in immune response and arise from the red bone marrow
produces macrophages that guard against toxins, pathogens, and microbes that penetrate the skin

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17
Q

Merkel Cells

A

Function int he sensation of touch along with the adjacent tactile discs(dermal nerve fiber)

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18
Q

Order of the layers of the Epidermis from deep to superficial

A

Stratum Basale
Stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum (only in thick skin)
Stratum Corneum

‘Come (lets) get sun burnt’ superficial to deep

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19
Q

Stratum basale

A

a single layer of cuboidal stem cells and keratinocytes resting on the basement membrane (melanocytes and tactile cells also scattered)
Stem cells of the basale replace lost epidermal cells

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20
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

Several layers of keratinocytes
thickest stratum bsides corneum in thick skin
deepest cells still perform mitosis
produce more keratin filaments, flattening cells to squamous
dendritic(langerhans) cells found here

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21
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

3-5 layers of flat keratinocytes
dark-staining keratohyalin granules that produce filaggrin that binds keratin filaments into bundles
produces lipid filled membrane that coats vesicles calles lamellar granules

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22
Q

lamellar granules

A

Lipid filled membrane that coats vesicles

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23
Q

keratohyalin granules

A

dark-staining
produces filaggrin that binds keratin filaments

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24
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A

Only found in thick skin
translucent
keratinocytes are densely packed with eleidin
cells have no nucleus or other organelles
pale featureless appearance

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25
Stratum Corneum
up to 30 layers of scaly keratinized cells durable surface layer that exfoliates resistant to abrasion, penetration adn water loss pH 4-6 acid for protection
26
eumelanin
brownish black melanin
27
pheomelanin
a reddish yellow-sulfur containing pigment type of melanin
28
Hemoglobin
red pigment of red blood cells
29
carotene
yellow pigment acquired from egg yolks and yellow/orange veggies concentrates in stratum corneum and subcutaneous fat
30
Cyanosis
Blueness of the skin from oxygen deficiency
31
Erythema
Abnormal redness of the skin due to dialted cutaneous vessels (exercise, sunburn, anger)
32
pallor
pale or ashen color when there is little blood flow white comes from the collagen that shows through the epidermis
33
Albinism
Genetic lack of melanin, white hair, pale skin and pink eyes
34
vitiligo
condition where there is partial or complete loss of melanocytes in patches of skin
35
Tyrosinase
Allele that determines melanin production
36
Jaundice
yellowing of skin and sclera due to excess of bilirubin in the blood
37
Dermal papillae
upward finger-like extensions of the dermis create the ridges in fingers that help with friction and leave fingerprints
38
Lines of cleavage
tension lines in skin indicate the predominant direction of underlying collagen fibers
39
Epidermal ridges
reflect contours of dermal papillae from the basis of fingerprints and friction for grip
40
Flexion lines
marks where skin folds during flexion of joints
41
freckles and moles
aggregations of melanocytes should be monitered for changes in color, size, and contour, could point to skin cancer (malignancy)
42
Hemangiomas
birthmarks, patches of discolored skin caused by benign tumors of dermal blood capillaries Capillary hemangiomas, cavernous, and port-wine stain
43
Sebaceous glands
associated with hair follicles produce sebum and oily substance
44
sebum
produced by sebaceous glands mix of proteins, lipids, and cholesterol coats hair and protects from drying keeps skin soft Is a microbial inhibitor
45
Merocrine (Eccrine) Sudiferous gland
Sweat gland that is located widely Thermoregulation: head first Stress response: palms and axillae first Odorless 99%water
46
Apocrine Sudiferous glands
MInor type located in axillae, groin, areole, and bearded faceial regions formation in onset of puberty open during emotional sweating and with sexual excitement thicker and milkier, when trapped in clothing bacteria break it down to produce rancid odor. in other organisms this is where pheromones are released
47
mammary glands
modified sweat glands 15-20 glands separated by adipose tissue
48
Function of Mammary glands
Lactation are fromed when triggered by prolactin, estrogen and progesterone release stimulated by oxytocin
49
Ceruminous glands
modified sweat glands located int eh ear mixes with nearby sebaceous glands to produce cerumin
50
Cerumen
earwax provides a sticky barrier to protect against foreign bodies in the ear canal
51
Pili or Hairs function
protection reduction of heat loss sensing light touch protection against sunburn on scalp
52
Composition of hair or pili
Shaft- extends beyond the skin root- penetrates into the dermis grows from follicle in dermis bulb- a swelling at the base of the follicle where hair originates in the dermis or hypodermis
53
guard hairs or vibrissae
guard nostrils, ear canals, eyes (eyebrows and eyelashes)
54
Lanugo
Fine-downy hair that appears on fetus and lasts about three months of development
55
vellus
fine, pale hair that replaces lanugo by the time of birth two thirds of hair on women one tenth on men all hair on children besides eyebrows/lashes, and scalp
56
Terminal
longer, coarser hair, heavily pigmented forms eyebrows/lashes,a dn hair on scalp after puberty froms axillary and pubic hair male facial hair and some on trunk and limbs
57
Dermal papilla
bud of vascular CT encased by the bulb of the hair follicle provides hair with nutrition
58
Hair matrix
Region of mitotically active cells immediately above the papilla hair’s growth center
59
piloerector muscle
bundles of smooth muscle cells extends from dermal collagen to CT root sheath goose bumps
60
How is hair texture determined?
Differences in cross-sectional shape of hair
61
What shapes determine each hair type
straight hair is round wavy hair is oval curly hair is relatively flat
62
What causes different hair colors?
pigment granules in the cells of the cortex
63
What cell distributions of eumelanin and pheomelanin cause different hair colors?
brown and black hair is rich in eumelanin red hair has slight eumel. and high concentration of pheomelanin blond is intermediate pheomelanin and low eumelanin gray and white hair means scarcity of melanin in the cortex and the presence of air in the medulla
64
Hair growth cycle anagen
growth cycle stem cells multiply and travel downward
65
Hair cycle categen
degenerative stage where mitosis ceases and sheath cells below the bulge die loses anchorage, easily pulled out
66
hair cycle telogen
resting stage papilla reach the bulge
67
alopecia
thinning of hair or baldness
68
pattern baldness
condition where hair loss is region specific rather than uniform like alopecia
69
hirsutism
excessive hairiness in areas that are not usually hairy
70
Nails
Keratinized epidermal cells similar to stratum corneum, grows from matrix like hair cells
71
Eponychium
Cuticle
72
Hyponychium
nail bed
73
Nail body
plate of the nail
74
What are the three steps of Epidermal wound healing
1: Cells of the stratum basale multiply and migrate to fill the wound on the deepest layer 2: the migrating cells stop migrating when they contact each other 3: additional cell divisions repopulate all of the epidermal layers
75
What are the four phases of Deep wound healing
Inflammatory phase Migratory phase Proliferative phase Maturation phase
76
Inflammatory phase of deep wound hearing
blood clotting, inflammatory events, scab formation
77
Migratory phase of deep wound healing
epithelial cells migrate into wound beneath the scab
78
Proliferative phase of deep wound healing
growth of cells beneath scab
79
Maturation phase of deep wound healing
scab sloughs off, scars may form
80
Fibrosis
Scar tissue formation more dense collagen fibers less hair, glands, and sensory nerves less flexible
81
eschar
burned, dead tissue
82
debridement
removal of eschar
83
First degree burns
partial thickness burns, only involves the epidermis redness, slight edema and pain heal in a few days ex: sunburn
84
Second degree burns
Involves the epidermis and part of the dermis leaves part of the dermis intact red, tan, or white two weeks to several months to heal,, scars blistered and very painful
85
Third degree burn
full thickness burn the epidermis and all of the dermis often deeper CT like muscle and bone are destroyed often requires skin grafts needs fluid replacement and infection control
86
Autograft
tissue taken from another location on the same person’s body
87
Isograft
taking skin from an identical twin
88
homograft or allograft
taken from another person (immune system rejection)
89
heterograft or xenograft
skin from another species like pig or fish (immune system rejection)
90
Other types of temporary grafts
Amnion form afterbirth artificial skin from silicone or collagen
91
UVA
long wavelength UV rays, penetrate deeper and trigger melanocytes (Both UVA and UVB can cause photosensitivity and skin cancer)
92
UVB
shorter wavelength less penetration, more energy - damaging kills keratinocytes - infalmmation (itching, peeling, nausea, fever) (Both UVA and UVB can cause photosensitivity and skin cancer)
93
Skin Cancer
Most common type of cancer easiest to treat Three types based on origin of epidermal cells: Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant malanoma
94
Skin cancer: Basal cell carcinoma
most common type of skin cancer least dangerous because it seldom metastasizes froms from cells in stratum basale lesion is a shiny bump with central depression and beaded edges
95
Skin Cancer: Squamous cell carcinoma
arise form keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum lesions on scalp, ears, lower lip, or back of hand have raised, reddened scaly appearance chance of recovery good with early detection adn removal tends to metastasize to lymph nodes and become lethal
96
Skin cancer: Malignant melanoma
ariszes from melanocytes often in a preexisting mole least common but most deadly treated surgically if caught early metastasizes fast and is unresponsive to chemo, usually fatal usually only live 6 months from diagnosis greatest risk in familial history, men, redheads, and people that experience severe sunburns in childhood
97
ABCD rule fro malignancy of moles
Asymmetry border irregularity color- mixture of. colors or color changes diameter greater than 6mm

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (14 decks)

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