THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE: OCEAN BASIN

Question 1

geologic process in which tectonic plates split apart from each other as a result of mantle convection.

Answer 1

SEAFLOOR SPREADING

Question 2

CONTINENTAL DRIFT EVIDENCE

Answer 2

The Jigsaw fit of Africa and South America
Fossils
Glaciers
Mountains and mineral deposits
Coal belts

Question 3

South America and Africa fit; Europe and north America fits together

Answer 3

Jigsaw fit of Africa and South America

Question 4

Glacial scarring of rock.

Answer 4

Scour

Question 5

the oldest continental rocks dated by radioactivity

Answer 5

3.98 billion years old

Question 6

Wegener first presented his idea of continental drift in ____

Answer 6

1912

Question 7

the top layer of earth’s crust is broken up into large slabs

Answer 7

plates

Question 8

the movement of lower molten layers causes the plates to shift.

Answer 8

plate tectonics

Question 9

scientists estimate that the continents move anywhere from:

Answer 9

one centimeter to several inches per year

Question 10

studying the magnetism of rocks from varying geological period revealed the orientation of the Earth’s magnetic field at the time of the rock’s formation.

Answer 10

PALEOMAGNETISM

Question 11

Wegener’s continental drift theory finally became generally accepted in the 1950’s and 1960’s through evidence provided by the study of :

Answer 11

PALEOMAGNETISM

Question 12

This suggest that the continents and ocean are probably permanent features of Earth’s surface

Answer 12

PLATE BOUNDARIES

Question 13

two tectonic plates move away from each other.

Answer 13

Divergent Boundary

Question 14

two tectonic plates come together.

Answer 14

Convergent Boundary

Question 15

splits into two pieces and carried in opposite directions.

Answer 15

Transform plate boundary:

Question 16

7 major tectonic plate

Answer 16

`African Plate
Antarctic Plate
Eurasian Plate
Indian-Australian Plate
North America Plate
Pacific Plate
South America Plate

Question 17

7 minor tectonic plate

Answer 17

Arabian Plate
Caribbean Plate
Cocos Plate
Juan de Fuca Plate
Nazca Plate
Philippine Plate
Scotia Plate

Question 18

are areas found under the sea.

Answer 18

ocean basins

Question 19

These areas can be relatively inactive areas where deposits of sediment slowly collect, or active areas where tectonic plates meet.

Answer 19

ocean basins

Question 20

The ocean floor is primarily composed of:

Answer 20

basalt and gabbro.

Question 21

It is normally found rising above the ocean floor at the center of the ocean basins.

Answer 21

Mid-oceanic ridge

Question 22

Mid-oceanic ridge constitutes __% of the Earth’ surface

Answer 22

23%

Question 23

They are long narrow, steep-sided depressions that contain the greatest depths in the ocean.

Answer 23

Ocean Trenches

Question 24

another raised feature found within ocean basins and found on the deep ocean floor.

Answer 24

Abyssal Hill/Plain

Question 25

These features can be very large submerged volcanic mountain reaching heights up to 10,000 feet.

Answer 25

Seamounts

Question 26

it is similar to a seamount, but it is submerged volcanic mountain with a flat top. It’s structure is due to erosive processes caused by waves after years

Answer 26

Guyot

Question 27

This feature found gently sloping area before the ocean floor and at the base of the continental slope and formed by emerging accumulates deposits at the mounts of many submarine canyons.

Answer 27

Continental Rise

Question 28

is a shallow, gently sloping part of the continent crust

Answer 28

Continental Shelf

Question 29

This part of the ocean basin extends and slopes after the continental shelf

Answer 29

Continental Slope

Question 30

The boundary between the continental slope and shelf is called ______________

Answer 30

continental shelf break

Question 31

are composed of layers or features called strata

Answer 31

ROCKS

Question 32

These layers are used to determine the age of rocks.

Answer 32

rock strata

Question 33

Almost the same as sedimentary rocks.

Answer 33

Stratified Rocks

Question 34

Stratification, is also called

Answer 34

bedding

Question 35

is the study of rock layers and their relationships to each other

Answer 35

Stratigraphy

Question 36

TELL US THE SEQUENCE IN WHICH EVENTS OCCURED, NOT HOW LONG AGO THEY OCCURED. CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER

Answer 36

RELATIVE

Question 37

PROCESS OF ESTABLISHING THE AGE OF AN OBJECT BY DETERMINING THE NUMBER OF YEARS IT HAS EXISTED.

Answer 37

ABSOLUTE

Question 38

used to determine the comparative or relative age of the rock to each other. this technique cannot give the exact age of the rock.

Answer 38

RELATIVE ROCK DATING

Question 39

RELATIVE ROCK DATING is guided by 3 basic Laws (_________)

Answer 39

Steno's Law

Question 40

Steno's Law is authored by

Answer 40

Nicolaus Steno.

Question 41

geologist and anatomist whose early observations greatly advanced the development of geology.

Answer 41

NICOLAS STENO

Question 42

His research on the formation of rock layers and the fossils they contain has been instrumental in the advancement of modern geology.

Answer 42

NICOLAS STENO

Question 43

This law states that the older stratum lies below the younger layer.

Answer 43

LAW OF SUPERPOSITION

Question 44

This law states that any feature such as fault that cuts across a sequence of rocks is younger that everything it cuts.

Answer 44

LAW OF CROSSCUTTING

Question 45

any rock, fragment, clast, or intrusion that is included inside of another rock is older than the rock in which it is included.

Answer 45

LAW OF INCLUSION

Question 46

used to determine the absolute age of the rock.

Answer 46

Radiometric Dating

Question 47

In this technique, the decay rate of radioactive isotopes which are embedded in the rock are measured.

Answer 47

Radiometric Dating

Question 48

are elements with equal number of protons but different masses.

Answer 48

Isotopes

Question 49

the tendency of a certain atoms, emitting energy in the process.

Answer 49

Radioactive decay

Question 50

unstable radioactive isotope is called the:

Answer 50

PARENT ISOTOPE

Question 51

the stable isotope produced by the radioactive decay of the parent isotope is called the

Answer 51

DAUGHTER ISOTOPE.

Question 52

good technique in determining the absolute age of fossils found in rocks.

Answer 52

carbon dating

Question 53

are remains of organisms preserved in rocks.

Answer 53

Fossils

Question 54

The Carbon-14 method of radiometric dating is used mainly for dating things that lived within the last ________ years

Answer 54

50,000 years

Question 55

Another example of a radioactive isotope used in absolute rock dating is Potassium-40.

Answer 55

POTASSIUM DATING

Question 56

POTASSIUM DATING is used mainly to date rocks older than _____ years.

Answer 56

100,000 years

Question 57

oldest known crystal on Earth is the ____

Answer 57

zircon crystal

Question 58

The process that happened in the past is still happening in the present "The present is the key to the past

Answer 58

The law of Uniformitarianism

Question 59

USED TO DETERMINE THE FORMS OF LIFE WHICH EXISTED during limited periods of geologic time.

Answer 59

Index fossils

Question 60

are used by geologists and paleontologists as significant aids to determine the correlation and age of rock sequences.

Answer 60

Index fossils

Question 61

preserved remains or traces of living things,

Answer 61

Fossils

Question 62

the study of fossils

Answer 62

Paleontology

Question 63

the _____organisms are considered then as the major index fossils.

Answer 63

marine

Question 64

a very good index fossil for Paleozoic rocks that lived in all parts of the ocean.

Answer 64

TRILOBITES

Question 65

a model of Earth’s history

Answer 65

GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE

Question 66

Largest division

Answer 66

EON

Question 67

Eon is composed of:

Answer 67

Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic and Phanerozoic

Question 68

Our current Eon

Answer 68

Phanerozoic Eon

Question 69

“age of hidden life”

Answer 69

Protozoic Eon

Question 70

first formation of life on our plant was created in the ocean.

Answer 70

Archean Eon

Question 71

4.6 to 4 billion years ago. The solar system was forming solar nebula and other celestial bodies.

Answer 71

hadean eon

Question 72

Represent some significant spans of time.

Answer 72

Era

Question 73

Era is composed of:

Answer 73

Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic Era.

Question 74

“age of mammals”

Answer 74

Cenozoic Era.

Question 75

“age of dinosaurs”, mass extinction

Answer 75

Mesozoic Era:

Question 76

“age of invertebrates”, multicellular life forms.

Answer 76

Paleozoic Era:

Question 77

Smaller unit of time representing shorter and biological events.

Answer 77

Period

Question 78

Period is composed of:

Answer 78

Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian for Paleozoic Era Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous Period are for Mesozoic Era Paleogene, Neogene and Quarternary are for Cenozoic Era.

Question 79

the interval of time in the geologic time scale from Earth’s formation to the beginning of the Paleozoic era (4.6 to 542 mya)

Answer 79

Precambrian Time

Question 80

it is about 88 % of Earth’s history

Answer 80

Precambrian Time

Question 81

In Precambrian Time, Fossils are ____

Answer 81

rare

Question 82

The most popular fossil in precambrian time

Answer 82

STROMATOLITES

Question 83

Era the followed by Precambrian. This era is from 542 mya to 251 mya.

Answer 83

Paleozoic Era

Question 84

The Last Period of Paleozoic Era had a _______

Answer 84

mass extinction

Question 85

Pangea or Pangaea was formed during this era.

Answer 85

Paleozoic Era

Question 86

Rocks holds abundant number of fossil records.

Answer 86

Paleozoic Era

Question 87

shelled animal and one of the most common fossil of this era.

Answer 87

Brachiopods

Question 88

(“age of reptiles”) Era has rich fossil record.

Answer 88

Mesozoic Era

Question 89

Dinosaurs are the best known reptiles of this era

Answer 89

Mesozoic Era

Question 90

Flowering plants are also appeared on this era. (angiosperms)

Answer 90

Mesozoic Era

Question 91

“Age of the mammals”

Answer 91

Cenozoic Era

Question 92

mammals are dominant life form. It is diversified into a variety of species including terrestrial, aquatic, and aerial mammals.

Answer 92

Cenozoic Era

Question 93

First hominids (early human ancestors) appear. Modern Ice age begins.

Answer 93

Cenozoic Era