The Internet

Question 1

fault tolerance

Answer 1

a process that enables an operating system to respond to a failure in hardware or software

Question 2

what is the internet?

Answer 2

● A philosophy of making information and
knowledge open and accessible to ALL
● A network of networks
● Built on open, agreed upon protocols

Question 3

the internet…

Answer 3

• is decentralized
• has a high fault tolerance
• is scalable

Question 4

decentralized

Answer 4

controlled by several local offices or authorities rather than one single one

Question 5

computing device

Answer 5

• object that can run a program
• ex. computer, tablets, servers, routers

Question 6

computing system

Answer 6

group of computing devices and programs working together for a common purpose

Question 7

computing networks

Answer 7

• a group of interconnected computing devices capable of sending or receiving data
• type of computing system

Question 8

path

Answer 8

the sequence of directly connected computing devices that begins at the sender and ends at the receiver

Question 9

routing

Answer 9

• the process of finding a path from sender to receiver
• dynamic (not pre decided)

Question 10

bandwidth

Answer 10

• the maximum amount of data that can be sent in a fixed amount of time
• usually measured in bits per second

Question 11

modem

Answer 11

Allows Computers to talk to
one another over telephone
lines

Question 12

how to organize data

Answer 12

1. Chunk your data into pieces: packets
2. Individually route the packers on the most efficient path

Question 13

packets have…

Answer 13

metadata

**Who is sending the
data, Where are the
sending it, Instructions for
reassembling the
data

Question 14

packets might arrive….

Answer 14

In order, Out of Order, Not at all

Question 15

protocols

Answer 15

• agreed-upon set of rules that specify the behavior of a system
• open and available to everyone

Question 16

internet protocol (IP)
a set of standards for addressing and routing data on the Internet

IPv4 vs IPv6
- IPv4: 32-bit address; est. 1981; 4.3 billion possible addresses; ex. 192.168.1.1

• IPv6: 128-bit address; est. 2012; 340 undecillion possible addresses; ex. 2001:0db8::1

Question 17

when to use TCP

Answer 17

• When things need to be perfect
• Used for programs, emails, webpages
• Doubling network traffic

Question 18

transmission control protocol (TCP)

Answer 18

• designed to send packets across the internet and ensure the successful delivery of data and messages
• uses packet switching
• finds the most efficient pathways
• Makes sure files are downloaded completely and correctly
• Adds its own header to packets
• Requires an acknowledgement OR it resends

Question 19

internet service provider (ISP)

Answer 19

• your IP address is assigned to you by your ISP
• your internet activity goes through the ISP, and they route it back to you, using your IP address.

Question 20

IPv4

Answer 20

• IPv4: 32-bit address; est. 1981; 4.3 billion possible addresses; ex. 192.168.1.1

Question 21

IPv6

Answer 21

• IPv6: 128-bit address; est. 2012; 340 undecillion possible addresses; ex. 2001:0db8::1

Question 22

user datagram protocol (UDP)

Answer 22

• When speed is more important than perfection
• Adds header information
• Destination computer does not acknowledge receipt of packets
• Faster but risks dropped packets

Question 23

hypertext transfer protocol

Answer 23

• Used for accessing web pages
• Hypertext documents contain texts with links
• HTTP send information back in plain text
• HTTPS = encrypts
• S stands for SSL protocol (Secure Sockets Layer)

Question 24

domain name system (DNS)

Answer 24

• Service that maps IP addresses to their domain name
• Instead of 216.58.216.142 you can type testout.com
• DNS server looks up the IP address and sends it back to the host computer

Question 25

world wide web vs. internet

Answer 25

WWW - the pages you see when you're at a device and you're online internet - the network of connected computers that the web works on, as well as what emails and files travel across ***The Web uses The Internet

Question 26

sequential computing

Answer 26

computational model in which operations are performed in order one at a time

Question 27

parallel computing

Answer 27

computational model where the program is broken into multiple smaller sequential computing operations, some of which are performed simultaneously

Question 28

computer processing unit (CPU)

Answer 28

the CPU follows, or executes, each line of the computer program in order, turning the data from the user into information. This is called processing.

Question 29

cores

Answer 29

- physically separate processing units on the same CPU - allows for parallel processing **e-cores = efficiency **p-cores = performance

Question 30

threads

Answer 30

- Creates virtual separate processing units on the same core

Question 31

distributed computing

Answer 31

computational model in which multiple devices are used to run a program

Question 32

comparing efficiency of solutions

Answer 32

can be done by comparing the time it takes them to perform the same task.

Question 33

sequential solution

Answer 33

takes as long as the sum of all of its steps

Question 34

parallel computing solution

Answer 34

takes as long as its sequential tasks plus the longest of its parallel tasks

Question 35

parallel computing

Answer 35

- Parallel computing consists of a parallel portion and a sequential portion - can scale more effectively than solutions that use sequential computing - When increasing the use of parallel computing in a solution, the efficiency of the solution is still limited by the sequential portion. At some point, adding parallel portions will no longer meaningfully increase efficiency.

Question 36

distributed computing

Answer 36

- allows problems to be solved that could not be solved on a single computer because of either the processing time or storage needs involved

Question 37

speed-up of parallel solution

Answer 37

time for sequential processing / time for parallel processing