The Intracranial Region Flashcards
(146 cards)
1
Q
Which part of cranium is formed by endochondral ossification?
A
Chondrocranium
2
Q
What is another word for skull cap?
A
Calvarium
2
Q
What is another word for skull cap?
A
Calvarium
3
Q
Name the collagen type that makes up the fibrous joints of the skull
A
Type 1 collagen
4
Q
What are fontanelles?
A
Membranous filled gaps that allows deformation of the skull during development of the brain - so that skull and brain can both grow
5
Q
When does the neurocranium and viscerocranium reach their adult morphology?
A
At around 21 years of age
6
Q
Name the 6 bony parts of the skull
A
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
7
Q
What are the 3 layers of the bone in the calvarium in an adult?
A
Compact bone -> Spongy bone -> Compact bone
8
Q
What is another name for the spongy bone found in the calvarium?
A
Diploe
9
Q
Between which 2 bones does the coronal suture lie?
A
Frontal bone and parietal bone
10
Q
Name the suture that occurs between the 2 frontal bones
A
Metopic suture
11
Q
Name the suture that occurs between the 2 parietal bones
A
Sagittal suture
12
Q
Between which 2 bones does the lambdoid suture lie?
A
Between the parietal and occipital bones
13
Q
What is the asterion?
A
Point where the temporal, occipital and parietal bones meet
14
Q
What is the pterion?
A
Point where the frontal, parietal, sphenoid and temporal bones meet
14
Q
What is the pterion?
A
Point where the frontal, parietal, sphenoid and temporal bones meet
15
Q
Name the 2 main fontanelle of the skull
A
Anterior fontanelle
Occipital fontanelle
15
Q
Name the 2 main fontanelle of the skull
A
Anterior fontanelle
Occipital fontanelle
16
Q
What is otorrhea?
A
CSF leaks into the ear (due to blunt trauma)
17
Q
What is rhinorrhea?
A
CSF leaks into the nose (due to blunt trauma)
18
Q
Which artery is at risk of being lacerated if the pterion is fractured?
A
Middle meningeal artery
19
Q
What can occur in the skull if the middle meningeal artery is lacerated?
A
Extradural haemoatoma
20
Q
How many layers of the scalp are there?
A
5
21
Q
What is the innermost layer of the scalp called?
A
Periosteum
22
What is the outermost layer of the scalp called?
Skin
23
Name the 5 layers of the scalp
Skin
Dense connective tissue
Epicranial aponeurosis
Loose areolar connective tissue
Periosteum
24
Which layer of the scalp does not contain any blood vessels?
Epicranial aponeurosis
25
In which layer of the scalp would you find emissary veins?
Loose areolar connective tissue
26
What are diploic veins?
Veins that are found in the spongy bone of the skull cap
27
Name the structure of the arachnoid mater that regulates cerebrospinal drainage
Arachnoid villi
27
Name the structure of the arachnoid mater that regulates cerebrospinal drainage
Arachnoid villi
28
What veins have to pass across the subarachnoid space?
Cerebral veins
29
How does CSF enter the venous sinuses of the cranium?
Diffusion
30
What is the falx cerebri?
Extensions of the dura mater that invaginate downwards to separate the cerebral hemispheres
30
What is the falx cerebri?
Extensions of the dura mater that invaginate downwards to separate the cerebral hemispheres
31
What are the inferior boundaries of the falx cerebri?
The inferior sagittal sinus and straight sinus
32
What is tentorium cerebelli?
Extensions of the dura mater that invaginate transversely to separate the cerebrum from the cerebellum and brain stem
33
Name 3 superficial arteries of the external carotid that supply the scalp
Superficial temporal artery
Occipital artery
Posterior auricular artery
34
Does the posterior and middle meningeal artery rise from the internal or external carotid?
External carotid
35
Does the anterior meningeal artery rise from the internal or external carotid?
Internal carotid
36
Through which foramen does the middle meningeal artery enter the intracranial region?
Foramen spinosum
37
Through which foramen does the middle meningeal artery enter the intracranial region?
Foramen spinosum
38
Name the 2 routes by which arterial blood can reach the brain
Through the vertebral arteries
Through the internal carotid
39
Which supplies more blood to the brain, the vertebral arteries or the internal carotid?
Internal carotid
40
What artery its formed by the joining of the 2 vertebral arteries?
Basilar arteries
41
Through which foramen do the vertebral arteries travel in up to the intracranial region?
Transverse foramen
42
What structures of the brain are supplied by the basilar artery?
Pons and cerebellum
43
Name the branches of the basilar artery that supply the pons
Pontine arteries
44
Name the branches of the basilar artery that supply the cerebellum
Anterior inferior cerebellar arteries
Superior cerebellar arteries
Posterior cerebral arteries
44
Name the branches of the basilar artery that supply the cerebellum
Anterior inferior cerebellar arteries
Superior cerebellar arteries
Posterior cerebral arteries
45
Name the arteries that join the internal carotid artery to the basilar artery
Posterior communicating artery
46
What other 3 branches come off the internal carotid artery?
Anterior choroidal artery
Opthalmic artery
Anterior cerebral artery
47
Name the artery that joins the anterior cerebral arteries together
Anterior communicating artery
48
Why is it important that the vertebral arteries are joined to the internal carotid arteries?
To equalise the pressure in the brain and give collateral supply to all parts of the brain
49
Does the course of the internal carotid artery cross through the cavernous sinus?
Yes it does - then enters then intracranial region just after
50
Name 2 arterial branches that arise form the ophthalmic artery
Supraorbital arteries
Supratrochlear arteries
50
Name 2 arterial branches that arise form the ophthalmic artery
Supraorbital arteries
Supratrochlear arteries
51
List 5 superficial veins of the scalp and face
Superficial temporal veins
Occipital veins
Posterior auricular veins
Supraorbital veins
Supratrochlear veins
52
What is the pterygoid plexus?
Large complex of veins located in the infratemporal fossa, between the temporalis and lateral pterygoid muscles
53
Which vein does the pterygoid plexus drain into?
Maxillary vein
53
Which vein does the pterygoid plexus drain into?
Maxillary vein
54
What are emissary veins?
Veins that connect the diploic veins to the veins of the scalp
54
What are emissary veins?
Veins that connect the diploic veins to the veins of the scalp
55
What does the inferior sagittal sinus become when it reaches the tentorium cerebelli?
Straight sinus
55
What does the inferior sagittal sinus become when it reaches the tentorium cerebelli?
Straight sinus
56
Which left and right venous sinus does the superior, straight and occipital sinus drain into?
The transverse sinus
57
What does the left transverse sinus drain into?
Left sigmoid sinus
58
What does the right transverse sinus drain into?
Right sigmoid sinus
59
What does the left sigmoid sinus drain into?
Left jugular vein
60
What does the right sigmoid sinus drain into?
Right jugular vein
61
Where is the cavernous sinus located?
Around the sphenoid bone
62
From where does the pterygoid plexus drain blood from?
Palate
Nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses
Auditory tube
Nasopharynx
63
From where does the cavernous sinus drain blood from?
Ophthalmic veins
Anterior part of the brain
Middle cerebral veins
Sphenoparietal sinuses
64
Name 5 structures that pass through the walls of the cavernous sinus
Internal carotid artery
Oculomotor nerve CNIII
Trochlear nerve CNIV
Trigeminal nerve CNVi + Vii
Abducens nerve CNVI
65
From where do the petrosal sinuses drain blood from?
Cavernous sinus
Midbrain
Cerebellum
Inner ear
66
What does the petrosal sinuses drain into?
Transverse sinuses
67
List 2 reasons why scalp lacerations lead to profuse bleeding
1 - Scalp blood vessels are closely adhered to connective tissue, so vasoconstriction cannot occur as easily
2 - Blood vessels in the scalp have many anastomoses
68
What shape do extradural haemorrhages appear on CT?
Lens shaped
69
Does the dura mater remain attached to the scalp during an extradural haemorrhage?
No, it detaches from the scalp
70
Are extradural haemorrhages usually caused by arteries or veins?
They are usually caused by arteries
71
What shape do subdural haemorrhages appear on CT?
Crescent shaped
72
Does the dura mater remained attached to the scalp during a subdural haemorrhage?
Yes
73
Are subdural haemorrhages usually caused by arteries or veins?
They are usually caused by veins
74
Which is more extensive, extradural or subdural haemorrhages?
Subdural haemorrhages are more extensive
75
What is the main symptom of a subarachnoid haemorrhage?
Sudden severe onset headache
76
What is the main symptom of a subarachnoid haemorrhage?
Sudden severe onset headache
77
What is the main cause of a subarachnoid haemorrhage?
Ruptured cerebral blood vessels
78
Between which layers does the extradural haemorrhage occur?
Between the dura mater and bone of the scalp
79
Between which layers does the subdural haemorrhage occur?
Between the dura mater and arachnoid mater
80
Which is cranial nerve 1?
Olfactory nerve
81
Which cranial nerve enters the intracranial region through the cribriform plates?
Olfactory nerve
82
Through which canal does the optic nerve travel?
Optic canal
83
Name the 4 structures that pass through the superior orbital fissure
Ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve
Oculomotor nerve
Trochlear nerve
Abducens nerve
84
What structure passes through the foramen rotundum?
Maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve
85
What outlet does the mandibular division of the trigeminal travel in?
Foramen ovale
86
Name the 2 structures that travel in the internal acoustic meatus
Facial nerve
Vestibulocochlear nerve
87
Name 3 structures that travel through the jugular foramen
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Vagus nerve
Accessory nerve
88
Which cranial nerve passes through the hypoglossal canal?
Hypoglossal nerve
89
Does the olfactory nerve have only motor or sensory innervation?
Motor
90
What does the olfactory nerve give motor innervation to?
The nose
91
Where does olfactory nerve rise from in the brain?
Olfactory bulb connected to the cerebrum
92
What is the only motor control of the optic nerve to?
The eye
93
Where does the optic nerve rise from in the brain?
Diencephalon region
94
What is the only motor control of the trochlear nerve to?
Superior oblique muscle of eye
95
What is the only motor control of the abducens nerve?
Lateral rectus muscle of the eye
96
What is the only motor control of the oculomotor nerve?
Superior rectus
Medial rectus
Inferior rectus
Inferior oblique
97
Where does the trochlear nerve rise from in the brain?
Midbrain
98
Where does the abducens nerve rise from in the brain?
Pons
99
Where does the oculomotor nerve rise form in the brain?
Midbrain
100
What is the sensory control of the trigeminal nerve to?
Forehead
Sinuses
Face
Jaw
Teeth
101
What is the motor control of the trigeminal nerve?
Masseter
Temporalis
Medial pterygoid
Lateral pterygoid
102
What is the only motor control of the facial nerve?
Muscles of the face
103
What is the only sensory control of the vestibulocochlear nerve?
Vestibular
Cochlear
104
Where does the facial nerve rise form in the brain?
Junction of pons and medulla
105
Where does the vestibulocochlear nerve rise form in the brain?
Junction of pons and medulla
106
What is the sensory control of the glossopharyngeal nerve?
Posterior part of tongue
Tonsils
Pharynx
107
What is the motor control of the glossopharyngeal nerve?
Superior
Middle
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor
108
What is the sensory control of the vagus nerve?
Heart
Lungs
Bronchi
Trachea
Larynx
Pharynx
Gastrointestinal tract
External ear
109
What is the motor control of the vagus nerve?
Heart
Lungs
Bronchi
Gastrointestinal tract
110
Where does the glossopharyngeal nerve rise form in the brain?
Medulla oblongata
111
Where does there vagus nerve rise from in the brain?
Medulla oblongata
112
What is the motor control of the accessory nerve?
Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius
113
Where does the accessory nerve rise from in the brain?
Medulla oblongata
114
What is the motor control of the tongue?
Hypoglossal nerve
115
Where does the hypoglossal nerve rise from in the brain?
Medulla oblongata
116
What is the crista galli?
Triangular projection from the ethmoid bone
117
Name 2 other nerves that also pass through the cribriform plates
Nasociliary nerve
Nasopalatine nerve
118
Where is the sella turcica located?
Central part of the sphenoid bone
119
Name the 3 parts of the sella turcica
Tuberculum sella
Hypophysial fossa
Dorsae sellae
120
What is the function of the anterior and posterior crinoid processes?
Surrounds sella turcica
Attachment points for the tentorium cerebelli
120
What is the function of the anterior and posterior crinoid processes?
Surrounds sella turcica
Attachment points for the tentorium cerebelli
121
Which important gland lies in the sella turcica?
Pituitary gland
121
Which important gland lies in the sella turcica?
Pituitary gland
122
Where is the internal acoustic meatus in relation to the jugular foramen?
Located above and to the right/left
123
What is cerebellar tonsillar herniation?
Cerebellar tonsils displace downwards through the foramen magnum
124
What are causes of cerebellar tonsillar herniation?
Increased intracranial pressure
Hydrocephalus
Lesions
125
What is hydrocephalus?
Abnormal build up of CSF in the ventricles of the brain
126
What can cerebellar tonsillar herniation lead to?
Compression of the pons and medulla, leading to cardiorespiratory arrest
127
Where is cerebrospinal fluid formed?
Choroid plexuses of the brain
128
Through which structure does the CSF enter the venous sinuses?
Arachnoid villi
129
In which pressure situation will CSF flow into the venous sinuses?
If the CSF pressure is larger than the venous sinus pressure
130
In which situation will CSF NOT flow into the venous sinuses?
If the CSF pressure is less than the venous sinus pressure
131
How can a blockage of the arachnoid villi cause hydrocephalus?
CSF cannot be taken into the venous system, but CSF is still produced in the choroid plexuses, resulting in increased pressure of the brain
132
What arteries does the internal common carotid artery terminate as?
Middle cerebral arteries
Anterior cerebral arteries
133
Why is it important that the vertebral arteries and internal carotid are connected?
Ensures that blood pressure is equalised
134
Why are subdural haematomas more likely to occur in the elderly?
Brian shrinks in the elderly, so the cerebral veins that are attached to the dura and venous sinuses are stretched, so more easily ruptured
