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Gross Anatomy > The Knee > Flashcards

The Knee Flashcards

1
Q

The knee joint

  • type of joint
  • location
A
  • modified hinge joint

- b/w medial/lateral epicondyles of femur and medial/lateral tibeal plateaus

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2
Q

How is the knee most stable?

A

extended

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3
Q

Patella

  • articulates with
  • purpose
A
  • patellar articulate surface of femur

- protects tendons from wear and tear

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4
Q

Capsule of the knee joint

-reinforcements

A
  • anteriorly: quadriceps tendon, patellar ligament
  • posteriorly: oblique and arcuate ligaments
  • medially: tendons of gracilis, sartorius, and semitendonous (pes anserines)
  • laterally: iliotibial band
  • medial and lateral collateral ligaments
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5
Q

Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL)

  • purpose
  • location/insertion
A
  • aka tibial
  • strengthen knee joint, helps keep it in extended position
  • resist valgus force
  • epicondyles of femur and tibia
  • deep attachment to medial meniscus
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6
Q

Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL)

  • purpose
  • location
A
  • aka fibular
  • strengthens knee joint, helps keep it extended
  • resists varus force
  • runs between lateral epicondyle of femur and fibula
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7
Q

Medial and Lateral menisci

A
  • fibrocartilage
  • add depth and cushion to tibial plateau, shock absorbers
  • facilitate weight transfer from femur to tibia
  • medial (thicker posteriorly), lateral (uniform)
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8
Q

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)

  • location
  • purpose
A
  • intercondylar area of tibia –> lateral femoral condyle
  • stabilize knee internally, maintain extended position, prevent excessive movement b/w femur and tibia
  • resists anterior movement of tibia on the femur (posterior movement of femur on tibia)
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9
Q

Posterior Cruciate Ligament

  • location
  • purpose
A
  • intercondylar area of tibia –> medial femoral condyle
  • stabilize knee internally, maintain extended position, prevent excessive movement b/w femur and tibia
  • resists posterior movement of tibia on the femur (anterior movement of femur on tibia)
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10
Q

What injury often accompanies injury to MCL?

A

tearing of medial meniscus (because they are so closely connected

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11
Q

What movement must the knee do in order o completely extend (lock)? Requires what muscle?

A
  • medial rotation of femur on tibia

- politeus

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12
Q

Flexion (knee)

  • muscles
  • innervation
A
  • hamstrings (biceps femoris, semitendinous, semimembranous) during walking/weight bearing
  • gracilis and sartorius
  • gastrocnemius (when n-w-b)
  • Sciatic Nerve (L4-S3), Obturator (L2-4)
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13
Q

Extension (knee)

  • muscles
  • innervation
A
  • quadriceps muscles (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius)
  • Femoral Nerve (L2-4)
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14
Q

Blood Supply to knee

A

genicular branches of politeal and femoral arteries

  • sup medial genicular artery
  • inf medial genicular artery
  • inf lateral genicular artery
  • sup lateral genicular artery
  • descending lateral genicular artery
  • recurrent branch of anterior tibial artey
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15
Q

Q angle

  • normal
  • small
  • large
A
  • angle between femur and tibia (femur slightly oblique)
  • genu varum: medial weight bearing –> damage menisce/joint cartilage, bow leg
  • genu valgum: lateral weight bearing –> knock knees
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16
Q

Genu varus

A
  • small Q angle
  • medially directed weight bearing
  • damage to menisci and joint cartilage–> osteoarthritis (athrosis)
  • excessive stress on LCL
  • bow leg
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17
Q

Genu valgus

A
  • large Q angle
  • laterally directed weight bearing
  • excessive stress on MCL, lateral meniscus, articulate surface of lateral femoral and tibial condyles
  • knock knee
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18
Q

What can be caused by twisting or turning knee quickly while foot is firmly planted? Why is it bad? What is the treatment?

A
  • torn menisci, relatively common
  • menisci are avascular and don’t heal well
  • trim, reshape, or remove
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19
Q

What injury would be caused by sudden stopping of forward motion such as skiing or tennis?

A
  • ACL tear

- forces tibia forward on femur

20
Q

What injury can be caused by dashboards and abrupt stops?

A

PCL tear

  • less common than ACL
  • tibia forced posteriorly on femur
21
Q

MCL/LCL injury

A

-MCL more common (resists valgus force)
-lateral force forces separation of tibia and femur medially
LCL resists varus force
-stress applied to medial side forces knee out laterally

22
Q

Descride the Unhappy Triad

A
  • ACL tear
  • MCL tear
  • medial meniscus tear
  • often from posteriolateral force applied to knee
  • posterior–>ACL, lateral–>MCL (–>medial meniscus because they’re connected)
23
Q

What is bursitis

A

inflammation of the bursae associated with patella

-bursae: fluid filled sacs reduce friction between gliding surfaces

24
Q

Describe Popliteal’s Cyst

A

accumulation of synovial fluid outside ofknee joint capsule

  • can restrict blood flow in popliteal vessels
  • palpable
  • result of injury/damage to synovial membraneof knee
25
Q

What nerve is damaged if quadriceps femoris are wasting?

A
  • Femoral (L2-4)
  • difficult to extend knee and rise from sitting
  • plant foot and flex trunk to walk
26
Q

What nerve is damaged if the hamstrings are weak?

A
  • Sciatic

- radiculopathy of L5 root

27
Q

What gives sensory info from posterior portion of the thigh?

A

posterior femoral cutaneous

28
Q

Which bone provides continuity in weight bearing and weight transfer in knee?

A

tibia (bigger, shin bone)

29
Q

Fibula’s role in knee

A

not part of the bony anatomy

site of attachment for ligaments and tendons for stabilization

30
Q

Where does the patella tendon (ligament) insert?

A

tibial tuberosity

31
Q

what is the purpose of the cruciate ligaments?

A

keep femur and tibia applied to each other

32
Q

What type of injury is called housemaid’s knee?

A

prepatellar burasal injury

33
Q

What is clergy’s knee?

A

subcutaneous bursal injury

34
Q

what are the bursae and their location?

A 
prepatellar
subcutaneous infrapatellar
deep infrapatellar
suprapatellar
lateral subtendinous
35
Q

Which condyle is longer while knee is flexed?

A

medial

36
Q

How must the femur rotate to achieve congruency of medial condyle?

A

medially

37
Q

Which muscle is required for unlocking of the knee?

A

popliteal- initiates lateral rotation of femur if limb is weight bearing

38
Q

Which muscles are innervated by femoral nerve?

A

rectus femoris
vastus lateralis
vastus intermedius
vastus medialis

39
Q

which muscles are innervated by the sciatic?

A

hamstrings
biceps femoris
semitendinous
semimembranous

40
Q

which muscles are innervated by the tibial nerve?

A

gastrocnemius

41
Q

which muscles are used in knee extension?

A

rectus femoris
vastus lateralis
vastus intermedius
vastus medialis

42
Q

which muscles are used in knee flexion?

A

hamstrings

gastronemius (n-w-b)

43
Q

what action does the rectus femoris perform?

A

hip flexion and knee extension

44
Q

where does the femoral nerve perforate?

A

adductor hiatus (in adductor magnus)

45
Q

which arteries penetrate knee proper?

A

medial genicular

46
Q

What is a normal Q angle?

A

15-30

Gross Anatomy (8 decks)

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