the leg and foot Flashcards
(123 cards)
1
Q
what type of joint is the proximal tibiofibular joint?
A
synovial plane and gliding
2
Q
what are the reinforcing structures that support the proximal tibiofibular joint?
A
anterior and posterior ligament of the head of fibula
3
Q
what holds together the middle tibiofibular joint?
A
interosseous membrane
4
Q
what type of joint is the middle tibiofibular joint?
A
syndesmosis
5
Q
what type of joint is the distal tibiofibular joint?
A
syndesmosis
6
Q
what are the ligaments that support the distal tibiofibular joint?
A
transverse tibiofibular ligament and anterior/posterior tibiofibular ligaments
7
Q
what are the 7 tarsal bones
A
- calcaneus
- talus
- navicular
- cuboid
- medial cuneiforms
- intermediate cuneiforms
- lateral cuneiforms
8
Q
what is the name given to the big toe?
A
hallux
9
Q
relative to the foot where is the calcaneus located?
A
at the heel
10
Q
relative to the foot where is the talus located?
A
ankle bone
11
Q
relative to the foot where is the cuboid bone located?
A
on lateral side
12
Q
what type of bones are found in the hallux?
A
sesamoid bone
13
Q
what is the function of having sesamoid bones in the big toe?
A
modify pressure along the hallux, reduce friction and alter the direction of muscle pull
14
Q
what are common injuries that occur at the hallux?
A
- sesamoiditis
- sesamoid fractures
15
Q
what are the arches seen in the foot?
A
medial longitudinal arch
lateral longitudinal arch
transverse arch
16
Q
what is the keystone of the medial longitudinal arch?
A
the talus
17
Q
what is the keystone of the lateral longitudinal arch?
A
cuboid
18
Q
what is the keystone of the transverse arch?
A
intermediate cuneiform
19
Q
what bones form the transverse arch?
A
cuboid and the 3 cuneiform bones
20
Q
what roles do ligament play in the arches?
A
they provide passive support
21
Q
how is dynamic stability in the feet obtained?
A
from the muscles of the leg and intrinsic foot
22
Q
what are the ligaments involved in supporting the longitudinal arches?
A
- long plantar ligament
- short plantar ligament
- spring ligament
23
Q
where does the long plantar ligament range?
A
from calcaneous to the base of metatarsals 3-5
24
Q
where does the short plantar ligament range?
A
from calcaneous to cuboid bone
25
where does the spring ligament range from?
from calcaneous to navicular
26
what muscles act on the transverse arch in order to support it?
- tibialis posterior
| - fibularis longus
27
what will flat foot lead to?
- everted foot
- may cause valgus of the knee
- may provoke over stretching of the calcaneal tendon
28
what is pes cavus?
high arched foot
29
what is pes planus?
flat foot
30
people with high arched feet will walk in what way?
they will walk much more on the lateral side of the foot
31
how is the ankle joint formed?
the lateral malleolus (fibula) and the media malleolus (tibia) will wrap around the Talus on either side allowing for the trochlear surface of the talus to articulate
32
what movement is permitted by the ankle joint?
dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
33
what is the deltoid ligament?
its the medial collateral ligament that supports the ankle joint
34
where does the deltoid ligament extend from?
from the tibia to talus and calcaneus
35
what medial collateral ligaments of the ankle joint limit plantar flexion?
tibionavicular ligament
| anterior tibiotalar ligament
36
what medial collateral ligaments of the ankle joint limit dorsiflexion?
posterior tibiotalar
37
where does the lateral collateral ligament extend from?
from fibula to talus and calcaneus
38
what lateral ligaments will limit dorsiflexion of the ankle joint?
calcaneofibular and posterior talofibular
39
what lateral ligaments will limit plantat flexion of the ankle joint?
anterior talofibular
40
what type of joint is the interphalangeal joint of the foot?
hinge, synovial
41
what type of joint is the metatarsophalangeal joint?
condyle joint
42
what joint is formed between the tarsal bones and metatarsal bones?
tarsometatarsal joint
43
what is the joint formed between calcaneous and the cuboid bone?
what type of joint is it?
calcaneocuboid joint
| synovial plane and gliding
44
what joint is formed between the navicular and cuneiforms? what type of joint is it?
cuneonavicular joint
| plane and gliding synovial joint
45
what joint is formed between the talus and calcaneus? what type of joint?
anatomical subtalar joint
| hinge joint
46
what are the reinforcing structures that support the subtalar joint?
posterior/medial/lateral talocalcaneal ligaments
47
what forms the talocalcaneonavicular joint?
the ball components of the talus inserts in the socket component between navicular and calcaneous
48
what type of joint is the talocalcaneonavicular joint?
modified ball and socket
49
what movements are permitted by the talocalcaneonavicular
inversion and eversion
50
what ligament created the floor of the talocalcaneonavicular joint?
sping ligament
51
what ligament helps suport the talocalcaneonavicular joint?
interosseous talocalcaneal ligaments
52
what does the deep fibular N. innervate on the dorsum of the foot?
sensory innervation to the space between digits 1 and 2
53
what does the saphenous N. innervate?
the medial side of the leg
54
what nerve innervated cutaneously the lateral leg and dorsum of the foot except fot the 5th digit and space between digitis 1-2?
superficial fibular N.
55
what does the common fibular N. branch off as?
deep fibular N.
| Superficial fibular N.
56
what does the deep fibular N. innervate?
anterior leg
57
relative to the leg, where does the tibal nerve pass?
posterior to the leg
58
what branches originate from the tibial N.
lateral plantar N. and medial Plantar N.
59
what does the medial plantar N. innervate?
the plantar surface of the foot digits 1-2-3 and half of 4
60
what does the lateral plantar N innervate?
the plantar surface of the foot digits 4-3
61
what ligament is responsible for separating the anterior and posterior compartment of the subtalar joint?
the interosseous talocalcaneal ligaments
62
what movements are permitted at the subtalar joint?
eversion and inversion of the foot
63
what ligament forms the floor of the subtalar joint?
plantar calcaneonavicular ligament
64
what happens during an inversion ankle sprain?
the medial side of the sole is tilted up causing for pressure to be applied to the LCL which may cause for it to tear
65
what happens during eversion ankle sprain
lateral sole of foot is tilited up, causes for tear of the MCL
66
what is the most common type of ankle sprain?
inversion ankle sprain
67
what nerve is responsible for the motor innervation of the posterior leg?
tibial N.
68
what branch of the tibial nerves are responsible for the cutaneous innervation of the plantar surface?
lateral plantar N.
| medial plantar N.
69
what nerve wraps around the head and neck of the fibula?
common fibular N.
70
what nerve is responsible for the cutaneous innervation of the lateral leg and dorsum of the foot?
superficial fibular N.
71
what region is cutaneously innervated by the deep fibular N.?
the space between digits 1 and 2
72
what Nerve is responsible for the motor innervation of the anterior leg?
deep fibular N.
73
what nerve originates from the femoral N and will innervate the medial leg and medial border of the foot?
saphenous N.
74
what Nerve is responsible for the sensory innervation of the 3.5 medial digits of the foot along with the medial plantar foot?
Medial Plantar N
75
what nerve is responsible for the sensory innervation of the 1.5 Lateral digits of the plantar foot?
lateral plantar N.
76
how do the medial and lateral plantar N. branch off into?
they branch off into the common plantar nerve at the metatarsals and then bifurcate at the phalanges into the plantar digital N.
77
what muscles compose the anterior compartment of the leg? (4)
- tibialis anterior
- extensor hallucis longus
- extensor digitorum longus
- fibularis tertius
78
what nerve is responsible for innervating the anterior compartment of the anterior compartment of the leg?
deep fibular N.
79
what vascular structure is responsible of providing blood supply to the anterior compartment of the leg?
anterior tibial A and V.
80
what muscles compose the lateral compartment of the leg?
- fibularis longus
| - fibularis brevis
81
what nerve is responsible for innervating the lateral compartment of the anterior compartment of the leg?
superficial fibular N.
82
what is the common action shared by the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg?
dorsiflexion of the foot
83
Tibialis Anterior
Origin
Insertion
Action
Origin: Lateral tibial condyle and tibial shaft
Insertion: medial cuneiform
Action: dorsiflexion and inversion
84
extensor hallucis longus
Origin
Insertion
Action
Origin: fibula and interosseous membrane
Insertion: distal phalanx of hallux
Action: dorsiflexion and extension of big toe
85
extensor digitorum longus
Origin
Insertion
Action
Origin: Lateral tibial condyle, head of fibula and interosseous membrane
Insertion: dorsum of lateral 4 toes
Action: dorsiflexion and extension of toes 2-5
86
what is the function of the extensor retinaculum?
allows to hold in place the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg, additionally involved in the dorsiflexion of the foot
87
what is the name of the retnaculum found on the foot?
superior/inferior extensor retinaculum
88
how could the inferior flexor retinaculum be described?
open medially, Y shape, will merge together on the lateral side
89
how can the muscles of the anterior compartment be defined?
they are all found anterior to the lateral malleolus
90
fibularis tertius
Origin
Insertion
Action
Origin: fibula
Insertion: dorsal surface of metatarsal 5
Action: dorsiflexion and foot eversion
91
Fibularis Longus
Origin
Insertion
Action
Origin: head of proximal fibula
Insertion: medial cuneiform and plantar surface of metatarsal 1
Action: plantar flexion and eversion of the foot
92
what is commonly shared between the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg?
their functions, responsible for plantar flexion and eversion of the foot
93
fibularis brevis
Origin
Insertion
Action
Origin: fibula
Insertion: metatarsal 5
Action: plantar flexion and eversion of the foot
94
relative to the lateral malleolus, where do the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg pass?
posterior to lateral malleolus
95
the blood supply of the lateral compartment of the leg is provided by?
branches of the fibular v and A.
96
what are the muscles that compose the superficial posterior compartment of the leg?
gastrocnemius
soleus
plantaris
97
what are the muscles that for the deep posterior compartment of the leg?
tibialis posterior
flexor digitorum longus
flexor hallucis longus
98
what nerve passes through the deep posterior compartment of the leg?
tibial n.
99
What is responsible for providing blood supply to the deep posterior compartment of the leg?
posterior tibial A. and v.
| Along with the fibular A.
100
gastrocnemius (medial and lateral heads)
origin
insertion
action
origin: supracondylar ridges of the femus
insertion: calcaneous via calcaneal tendon
action: knee flexion and plantar flexion
101
what do the medial and lateral heads of gastrocnemius form?
the inferior medial and lateral borders of the popliteal fossa
102
Plantaris
origin
insertion
action
origin: distal lateral femus
insertion: calcaneous
action: weak knee flexion and weak plantar flexion (not much function)
103
soleus
origin
insertion
action
origin: soleal line (tibia) and head of fibula
insertion: calcaneous via calcaneal tendon
action: plantar flexion
104
what is the common function shared by the muscles of the posterior leg?
plantar flexion of the foot
105
tibialis posterior
origin
insertion
action
origin: tibia and fibula, interosseous membrane
insertion: broad plantar surface, insertion along the tarsals
action: plantar flexion and inversion
106
how does tibialis posterior travel in the leg?
it begins on the medial side but want to insert on the medial plantar surface of the foot
107
flexor digitorum longus
origin
insertion
action
origin: posterior tiba
insertion: distal phalanges of lateral 4 toes
action: plantar flexion and toe flexion (digits 2-5)
108
where do the tendons of the muscles of the deep posterior compartment of the leg pass?
posterior to the medial malleolus
109
flexor hallucis longus
origin
insertion
action
origin: distal fibula
insertion: plantar surface of distal hallux
action: ankle plantar flexion and flexion of the hallux
110
how does Flexor digitorum longus travel in the foot?
it will start medially and go laterally,
| this causes it to criss cross with tibialis posterior proximal to medial malleolus
111
where does the Flexor hallucis longus cross the flexor digitorum longus?
distal to the medial mallelous in the sole plantar portion of the hoot
112
when does the common fibular N. split into the superficial and deep fibular n?
once it passes the head and neck of the fibula, deep to fibularis longus and fibularis brevis muscles it splits. the superficial will peak out and the deep will continue its trail
113
how does the popliteal A. terminate as?
it will boiferate below the knee joint into anterior and posterior tibial A.
114
what A. supplies the posterior compartment of the leg?
posterior tibial a.
115
what A. supplies the anterior compartment of the leg?
the anterior tibial A.
116
what A. originates from the posterior tibial A. and what does it supply?
the fibular A. will supply the lateral compartment of the leg and extends from the posterior tibial A.
117
where would the anterior tibial A. and the deep fibular N. be found in the leg?
they would be found between the tibialis anterior and the extensor hallucis longus muscles
118
what A. will travel along with the tibial nerve in the posterior compartment of the leg?
posterior tibial A
119
deep to what structures do the posterior Tibial A and Tibial N. travel?
deep to soleus (posterior superficial muscle of the leg)
120
what is the mneumonic to recall the components of the tarsal tunnel?
```
Tom
Dick
And
Very
Nervous
Harry
```
121
relative to what do the tendons, A. and N. run in the tarsal tunnel?
posterior to the medial malleolus
122
what are the components of the tarsal tunnel?
```
Tibialis posterior
flexor Digitorum Longus
posterior tibial A.
posterior tibial V.
tibial N.
flexor hallucis longus
```
123
what is the use of the sustentaculum tali of calcaneus?
this boney bump serves as an extended pully to fo flexor hallucis longus to produce a stronger flexion of the big toe
