The Lower Limb Overview

Question 1

Where does the lower limb extend from?

Answer 1

The pelvis

Question 2

What are 3 functions of the lower limb

Answer 2

Support body weight
Locomotion
Maintain balance

Question 3

The lower limb has how many regions

Answer 3

6

Question 4

Name the superficial muscles of the gluteal region

Answer 4

gluteus maximus
gluteus medius
gluteus minimus
tensor fascia latae

Question 5

What do the superficial muscles of the gluteal region do

Answer 5

Extensors, abductors and medial rotators of the thigh

Question 6

Name the deep muscles of the gluteal region

Answer 6

piriformis
obturator internus
gemelli
quadratus femoris

Question 7

What is the function of the deep muscle group in the gluteal region

Answer 7

Lateral rotators of the thigh and hip stabilisers

Question 8

What nerves connect with the deep muscle group of the gluteal region

Answer 8

nerves from the sacral plexus

Question 9

What nerves connect with the superficial muscle group of the gluteal region

Answer 9

Superior gluteal nerve

Question 10

Where do nerves enter/ exit the pelvis and perineum

Answer 10

Via the greater and lesser sciatic foramenn

Question 11

What is formed by the sacrotuberous and sacrospinour ligaments

Answer 11

?

Question 12

What is the largest nerve in the body

Answer 12

The sciatic (L4-S3)

Question 13

What does the sciatic nerve supply

Answer 13

Posterior thigh
All leg and foot muscles
most of the skin

Question 14

Where is the Pudendal Nerve

Answer 14

S2-S4

Question 15

What does the Pudendal nerve do

Answer 15

Principal nerve to perineum- S2,3,4 keeps the pelvis off the floor

Question 16

Where is the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh

Answer 16

S1-S3

Question 17

What does the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh do?

Answer 17

Skin over posterior thigh, popliteal fossa, lateral perineum and upper medial thigh

Question 18

Where does the sciatic nerve usually exit

Answer 18

Inferior to piriformis

Question 19

The sciatic nerve supplies everything in the gluteal region. True or False

Answer 19

False. It supplies nothing in this region

Question 20

What does the sciatic nerve separate to form and where does this happen

Answer 20

The tibial nerve (medial) and the common fibular (lateral) in the distal 3rd of posterior thigh

Question 21

Describe what happens in compartment syndrome

Answer 21

Increased pressure caused by swelling of tissue or increase in fluid (bleeding) which affects functions of the muscles or nerves in the compartment

Question 22

How do we treat compartment syndrome?

Answer 22

Fasciotomy to relieve pressure in an emergency

Question 23

What are the 3 compartments of the thigh

Answer 23

Anterior, medial and posterior compartments

Question 24

What are the 3 compartments of the leg

Answer 24

Anterior, Posterior and Lateral

Question 25

What are the flexors of the thigh in the anterior compartment of the thigh

Answer 25

Pectineus Iliopsoas Sartorius

Question 26

What are the extensors of the leg in the anterior compartment of the thigh

Answer 26

Quadriceps femoris

Question 27

What nerve is responsible for the anterior compartment of the thigh

Answer 27

``` Femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4) (all but one is the psoas major (L1, L2, L3)) ```

Question 28

What are the adductors of the Thigh in the medial compartment of the thigh

Answer 28

``` Adductor longus Adductor brevis adductor magnus gracillis obturator externus ```

Question 29

What nerve is responsible for the medial compartment of the thigh

Answer 29

``` Obtuartor nerve (L2, L3, L4) The hamstring part of adductor magnus - tibial nerve ```

Question 30

What are the extensors of the thigh and flexors of the leg in the posterior compartment of the thigh

Answer 30

Semitendinosus semimembranosus biceps femoris

Question 31

What nerve is responsible for the posterior compartment of the thigh

Answer 31

Tibial division of the sciatic nerve

Question 32

What does the anterior compartment of the leg contain

Answer 32

dorsiflexors of ankle and extensors of toes

Question 33

What nerve is responsible for the anterior compartment of the leg

Answer 33

Deep fibular nerve (L4,L5)

Question 34

Name the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg

Answer 34

tibialis anterior extensor digitorum longus extensor hallucis longus fibularis tertius

Question 35

What does the lateral compartment of the leg allow

Answer 35

Evert foot and weakly plantarflex the ankle

Question 36

What are the muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg

Answer 36

fibularis longus | fibularis brevis

Question 37

What nerve is responsible for the lateral compartment of the leg

Answer 37

superficial fibular nerve (L5, S1, S2)

Question 38

What does the superficial group of muscles in the posterior compartment o fthe leg allow

Answer 38

plantarflexors of ankle

Question 39

What nerve is responsible for the superficial group of the posterior compartment of the leg

Answer 39

All tibial nerve

Question 40

What 3 muscles are in the suerficial group of the posterior compartment of the leg

Answer 40

gastrocneumius soleus plantaris

Question 41

What does the deep group of muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg allow

Answer 41

Flexors of toes and plantarflexors of ankle

Question 42

What muscles are in the deep group in the posterior compartment of the leg

Answer 42

popliteus flexor hallucis longus flexor digitorum longus tibialis posterior

Question 43

What nerve is responsible for the deep group of muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg

Answer 43

Tibial nerve (same as the superficial group)

Question 44

Superficial lymphatics follow what veins

Answer 44

saphenous

Question 45

Where do superficial lymphatics drain to

Answer 45

superficial inguinal lymph nodes then external iliac lymph nodes

Question 46

Deep lymphatics follow what veins

Answer 46

deep veins

Question 47

Where do deep lymphatics drain to

Answer 47

deep ingiunal lymph nodes the external iliac lymph nodes | Leg lymphatics drain to the popliteal lymph nodes first before going up

Question 48

What is a) ball of the hip joint and b) the socket of the hip joint

Answer 48

a) head of femur | b) acetabulum of hip

Question 49

What are the ways in which the hip joint can move

Answer 49

flexion - extension abduction -adduction medial-lateral rotation circumduction

Question 50

What does the thick part of the fibrouos layer of the joint capsule form

Answer 50

ligaments

Question 51

Name the 3 ligaments of the hip joint

Answer 51

iliofemoral - strongest in body - anterior pubofemoral - anterior ischiofemoral - posterior

Question 52

What is the purpose of the ligaments

Answer 52

To strengthen the joint capsule

Question 53

What type of joint is the knee joint

Answer 53

Hinge

Question 54

What is the main movement of the knee joint

Answer 54

flexion-extension

Question 55

Where are the articulations of the knee joint

Answer 55

2x femerotibial | 1x femeropatellar

Question 56

Describe the structure of a synovial joint

Answer 56

external fibrous layer | internal membranous layer

Question 57

What are the 3 types of ligaments found in the knee joint

Answer 57

extracapsular intra-articular menisci

Question 58

What are the 3 extracapsular ligaments of the knee

Answer 58

lateral collateral ligament medial collateral ligament patellar ligament

Question 59

Name the 2 intra-articular ligaments of the knee joint

Answer 59

``` anterior cruciate (ACL) posterior cruciate (PCL) ```

Question 60

Name the 2 menisci ligaments of the knee joint

Answer 60

medial menisci | lateral menisci

Question 61

What is another word for the Calcaneal Tendon

Answer 61

Achilles tendon

Question 62

How long is the Calcaneal tendon

Answer 62

15cm - longest in the body

Question 63

Where does the calcaneal tendon attach

Answer 63

the the calcaneal tuberosity of the calcaneus

Question 64

What 2 muscles does the calcaneal tendon attach to ?

Answer 64

Gastrocnemius and soleus

Question 65

What nerve innervates the gluteus maximum

Answer 65

inferior gluteal nerve

Question 66

Why should you not inject in the lower 2 quadrants of the gluteal region

Answer 66

Incase you hit the sciatic nerve

Question 67

Where is the best quadrant to inject

Answer 67

The superiolateral quadrant

Question 68

What is the perineum

Answer 68

Everything below the pelvic floor

Question 69

What muscle sits directly above the sciatic nerve

Answer 69

Piriformis

Question 70

What are the boundaries of the Femoral Triangle

Answer 70

Superior - inguinal ligament medially - lateral border of adductor longus laterally - medial border of sartorius

Question 71

What makes up the floor of the femoral triangle

Answer 71

Iliopsoas and pectineus

Question 72

What makes up the roof of the femoral triangle

Answer 72

Deep fascia (fascia lata)

Question 73

Muscles within each compartment generally have what in common

Answer 73

Similar actions | The same nerve supply

Question 74

What nerve innervates the short head biceps femoris (posterior compartment of the thigh)

Answer 74

Common fibular division of sciatic

Question 75

What are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa

Answer 75

superolaterally - biceps femoris superomedially - semimembranosus inferiorly - gastrocnemius roof - popliteal fascia

Question 76

What are the 4 contents of the popliteal fossa

Answer 76

lots of fat terminal small saphenous vein popliteal vessels tibial and common fibular nerves

Question 77

What is the acetabulum deepened by

Answer 77

The acetabular labrum (fibrocartilage)

Question 78

What 2 arteries usually branch from the deep femoral artery

Answer 78

Medial and lateral circumflex arteries

Question 79

The artery to head of femur is a branch of what artery and how does it run

Answer 79

obturator which travels in ligament to head of femur

Question 80

What happens in an ankle jerk reflex

Answer 80

Normal result is platarflexion

Question 81

What does the ankle jerk reflex test

Answer 81

S1, S2 nerve roots