The Main changes in Politics & Government under Henry VII

Question 1

Question 1
What factors made Richard III strong before Bosworth?

Answer 1

• Experienced warrior, fought in Wars of the Roses.
• Suppressed rebellions 1483 & stopped Henry Tudor’s invasion attempt.
• Foreign respect—secured a truce with Scotland.
• Made peace with key Yorkists - E.g. Elizabeth Woodville.
• Could raise resources & had a large army, 10,000-15,000 troops.

Question 2

Question 2
What weakened Richard’s position as Monarch?

Answer 2

• Death of his only legitimate son - 1484.
• Rumors of kin slaying, believed to have killed his wife & nephews.
• Lost popular support due to his reputation.

Question 3

Question 3
What were Henry Tudor’s advantages as monarch?

Answer 3

• Born during the Wars of the Roses - Pembroke, 1457 - had a claim.
• acked by some Yorkists & Uncle Jasper Tudor.
• Secured support from Lord & Sir William Stanley - 7,000 troops in theory.
• Had the moral high ground - wasn’t associated with kin slaying.

Question 4

Question 4
What were Henry’s weaknesses as Monarch?

Answer 4

• Had lived in exile in Brittany, lacked direct English political experience.
• Uncertain French support - King of France backed him but unclear to what extent.
• Had a smaller army - Approx. 5,000 troops.
• Uncertain loyalty of Stanley brothers & other Nobles.

Question 5

Question 5
Who would have made a better King pre-Boswroth?

Answer 5

• Richard III had superior military resources & experience, making him stronger overall.
• Henry Tudor had moral advantages but lacked direct experience & resources.

Question 6

Question 6
How did Henry Tudor prepare for Bosworth?

Answer 6

• Traveled from Brittany to South Wales.
• Gathered support across Wales & Shropshire before marching toward Richard’s forces.

Question 7

Question 7
Which key nobles played roles in the Battle of Bosworth?

Answer 7

• Lord & Sir William Stanley - promised Henry 3,000 soldiers but remained neutral at first.
• Earl of Northumberland - nominally on Richard’s side but loyalty was uncertain.
• Duke of Norfolk - Richard’s most loyal commander, led Battle charge.

Question 8

Question 8
What mistakes did Richard III make?

Answer 8

• Sent Duke of Norfolk straight into battle first - weakened early tactical positioning.
• Allowed Earl of Northumberland to stay at the rear, where he did not fight.
• Personally charged Henry, assuming he was vulnerable - overextended & exposed himself.
• Stanleys decided to intervene for Henry - secured victory.

Question 9

Question 9
What changed after Henry VII won?

Answer 9

• England had a new Tudor King.
• First properly Welsh King.
• Shift from Plantagenet Yorkist rule to Tudor rule with Lancastrian ancestry.

Question 10

Question 10
What stayed the same after Bosworth?

Answer 10

• Henry VII could claim descent from Edward III - via his mother & indirectly his father.
• Still considered a usurper, having taken the crown through battle.

Question 11

Question 11
Why was Henry VII’s position initially insecure?

Answer 11

• His rule was based on victory in battle, making his legitimacy questionable.
• Mystery surrounded the fate of Edward V & his younger brother - claimants could pose a threat.
• Yorkist loyalty remained strong in some regions.

Question 12

Question 12
What caused the Wars of the Roses?

Answer 12

Conflict between rival factions of the Plantagenet family - Lancastrians vs Yorkists.

Question 13

Question 13
Who were the Kings of the Wars of the Roses period?

Answer 13

• Henry VI (Lancastrian, 1422-1461, 1470-1471) – Overthrown twice.
• Edward IV (Yorkist, 1461-1470, 1471-1483) – Won decisive control but died suddenly.
• Edward V (Yorkist, 1483) – Disappeared after being placed in the Tower by his uncle, Richard III.
• Richard III (Yorkist, 1483-1485) – Usurped Edward V’s throne, defeated at Bosworth.
• Henry VII (Lancastrian, 1485-1509) – Established the Tudor dynasty after Bosworth.

Question 14

Question 14
What key lessons did monarchs take from the Wars of the Roses?

Answer 14

• Royal support is fragile - every King faced challengers.
• Working relationship with the nobility is crucial - they could overthrow rulers.
• Adult monarchs were more successful - child Kings faced instability.
• Rivalry ran deep within families - Richard III usurped his own nephew.

Question 15

Question 15
How was Henry VII related to Edward III?

Answer 15

Through his mother, Margaret Beaufort, descending from Edward III’s third son, John of Gaunt.

Question 16

Question 16
Why was Henry VII’s claim considered weak?

Answer 16

It came through the maternal line rather than direct paternal descent.

Question 17

Question 17
Why was Henry’s coronation significant?

Answer 17

• Signaled divine & Church approval.
• Forced nobles to swear fealty to him as King.

Question 18

Question 18
When was Henry VII’s Coronation?

Answer 18

30th October 1485.

Question 19

Question 19
Why did Henry marry Elizabeth of York?

Answer 19

• Unified Lancastrians & Yorkists, strengthening legitimacy.
• Elizabeth was Edward IV’s daughter, reinforcing Henry’s claim.
• Produced an heir, Prince Arthur, in September 1486.

Question 20

Question 20
When did Elizabeth of York get married?

Answer 20

18th January 1486.

Question 21

Question 21
Why did Henry summon Parliament so soon after Bosworth?

Answer 21

• Demonstrated royal power & legitimacy to his subjects.
• Followed traditional actions of new Kings.

Question 22

Question 22
When did Henry VII first summon Parliament?

Answer 22

7th November 1485.

Question 23

Question 23
Why did Henry summon Parliament so soon after Bosworth?

Answer 23

• Demonstrated royal power & legitimacy to his subjects.
• Followed traditional actions of new Kings.

Question 24

Question 24
How did Henry VII secure noble loyalty?

Answer 24

• Rewarded his supporters—John de Vere became Earl of Oxford.
• Ensured political stability through selective appointments.

Question 25

Question 25 How did Henry deal with rival claimants?

Answer 25

* Backdated his reign to 21st August 1485, making Richard III’s supporters traitors. * Imprisoned Yorkists with stronger claims to the throne. * Showed leniency to some opponents to gain broader support.

Question 26

Question 26 Why was Henry’s position initially unstable?

Answer 26

* Seen as a usurper, having claimed the throne through battle. * Yorkist remnants still posed a threat. * Mystery of the Princes in the Tower could inspire pretenders.

Question 27

Question 27 How did Henry VII ultimately secure his dynasty?

Answer 27

* Political maneuvering & marriage alliance. * Strategic rewards to loyal nobles. * Swift action against potential rivals.

Question 28

Question 28 What was the Order of the Garter?

Answer 28

A prestigious order of knighthood, introduced by Edward III, reinstated by Henry VII.

Question 29

Question 29 How did Henry VII use the Order of the Garter?

Answer 29

* Created 37 Knights of the Garter - E.g., Earl of Oxford. * Granted prestige but not land or power, keeping nobility loyal without weakening royal authority.

Question 30

Question 30 Was the Order of the Garter an effective tool for managing the nobility?

Answer 30

* Gave nobles an incentive to be loyal. * Some nobles may have wanted more than just ceremonial honors.

Question 31

Question 31 Was the Order of the Garter a change or a continuity?

Answer 31

Mostly a change - promoted loyalty through prestigious rewards.

Question 32

Question 32 What were Acts of Attainder?

Answer 32

Legal orders stripping nobles of land & inheritance rights, leading to economic ruin.

Question 33

Question 33 How did Henry VII use the Acts of Attainders compared to Edward IV?

Answer 33

* Henry VII passed 138 & reversed 42. * Edward IV passed 140 & reversed 46. * Henry made nobles pay to have their attainders reversed, turning them into a financial tool

Question 34

Question 34 Was the use of the Acts of Attainder an effective strategy?

Answer 34

* Kept nobles loyal through fear of punishment. * Risked creating martyrs who could rebel against him.

Question 35

Question 35 Was the Acts of Attainder a change or a continuity?

Answer 35

Not a major change - continued past practice but tightened control.

Question 36

Question 36 How did Henry VII use patronage differently?

Answer 36

* Only rewarded proven loyalty, not promises. * Granted titles to those loyal before & at Bosworth - E.g. Lord Daubeney & Earl of Oxford. * Rewarded non-nobles - E.g. lawyer Edmund Dudley - limiting noble power.

Question 37

Question 37 Was Henry's patronage an effective strategy?

Answer 37

* Kept patronage valuable by limiting rewards. * Some nobles may have been dissatisfied & wanted more land/power

Question 38

Question 38 Was Henry's iuse of Paatronage a Change or a Continuity?

Answer 38

Major change - Henry VII ensured only loyalty was rewarded.

Question 39

Question 39 What were retainers?

Answer 39

Private armies held by nobles - could be used against or for the King.

Question 40

Question 40 How did Henry VII try to control retaining?

Answer 40

* 1485: Lords & Commons swore not to retain illegally. * 1504: Nobles needed a license to retain - fines, £5 per illegal retainer per month.

Question 41

Question 42 What is an example of someone being fined for retaining illegally?

Answer 41

Lord Burgavenny fined £70,000 in 1506 for illegal retaining.

Question 42

Question 42 Was Henry's retaining strategy effective?

Answer 42

* First serious attempt by a King to limit noble armies. * Henry couldn’t fully abolish retaining - some nobles continued the practice.

Question 43

Question 43 Whas Henry's Retainers strategy a change or a continuity?

Answer 43

Massive change - first time a King attempted to curb private noble armies.

Question 44

Question 44 What was the 1486 Act of Resumption?

Answer 44

Made Henry VII a feudal landlord, reclaiming land previously lost by the Crown.

Question 45

Question 45 What was the impact of the Act of Resumption?

Answer 45

* Gave Henry VII five times more land than Henry VI had. * Strengthened his power base & ability to raise an army. * Angered nobles who lost land - potential rebellion risk.

Question 46

Question 46 Was the Restoratioon of the Crown lands change or continuity?

Answer 46

Huge change - King became significantly more powerful by reclaiming land.

Question 47

Question 47 Who were the key claimants threatening Henry VII’s rule?

Answer 47

- John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln. - Edward, Earl of Warwick. - Lambert Simnel. - Perkin Warbeck.

Question 48

Question 48 How was Lambert Simnel introduced as a pretender?

Answer 48

- Born in Oxford, trained by priest Richard Symonds. - Initially claimed to be Richard, Duke of York but was later passed off as Edward, Earl of Warwick. - Yorkist supporters in Ireland - E.g. Earl of Kildare - proclaimed him King Edward VI.

Question 49

Question 49 Why did Simnel’s rebellion fail?

Answer 49

- Henry VII produced the real Earl of Warwick, exposing the fraud. - Simnel had noble backing, but little public support. - Margaret of Burgundy sent 2,000 troops & John de la Pole fled to join rebels.

Question 50

Question 50 When was the Battle of East Stoke?

Answer 50

1487.

Question 51

Question 51 What happened at the Battle of East Stoke?

Answer 51

- Seen as the last battle of the Wars of the Roses. - Henry defeated Simnel’s forces. - John de la Pole & Yorkist leaders killed.

Question 52

Question 52 How did Henry treat Lambert Simnel after his defeat?

Answer 52

Showed mercy - gave him a job in the royal kitchens instead of executing him.

Question 53

Question 53 What claim did Perkin Warbeck make?

Answer 53

Claimed to be Richard of York, Edward IV’s youngest son.

Question 54

Questio 54 Who were Warbeck’s real origins?

Answer 54

- Born John Osbeck in Tournai. - Educated in Antwerp. - Backed by Burgundian & Irish supporters - e.g. Margaret of Burgundy, Earl of Kildare.

Question 55

Question 55 How did foreign powers support Warbeck?

Answer 55

- 1491: Charles VIII of France recognized Warbeck but abandoned him after peace with Henry. - 1492: Moved to Burgundy, supported by Margaret & Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I.

Question 56

Question 56 How did Henry counter the Warbeck conspiracy in England?

Answer 56

* Executed conspirators - E.g. Sir William Stanley - in 1495. * Warbeck’s attempted invasion in Kent failed.

Question 57

Question 57 How did Scotland aid Warbeck?

Answer 57

- Welcomed by James IV (1495). - Received an annual income (£1,200) & married James IV’s cousin. - James IV attempted invasion of England (1497)—failed due to Warbeck’s reluctance.

Question 58

Question 58 How was Warbeck captured?

Answer 58

- Fled to Ireland after James IV made peace with Henry. - Surrendered in August 1497 & made a full confession. - Initially spared & kept at Court.

Question 59

Question 59 Why was Warbeck eventually executed?

Answer 59

- 1498: Tried to escape, imprisoned in the Tower. - 1499: Executed for allegedly plotting with Edward, Earl of Warwick.

Question 60

Question 60 How did Henry VII effectively deal with pretenders?

Answer 60

* Tactfully exposed impostors like Simnel. * Used diplomatic pressure to remove foreign backing. * Balanced mercy & punishment - E.g. sparing Simnel, executing Warbeck. * Eliminated Yorkist claimants systematically.

Question 61

Question 61 What challenges did Henry face?

Answer 61

* Foreign support for pretenders remained a serious threat. * Yorkist factions continued to resist Tudor rule.

Question 62

Question 62 What were the two types of income Henry VII received?

Answer 62

- Ordinary Revenue – Regular income collected annually. - Extraordinary Revenue – Emergency income requiring Parliamentary approval - E.g. war funding.

Question 63

Question 63 Why were the crown’s finances weak when Henry VII took the throne?

Answer 63

* 30 years of costly Wars of the Roses. * Poor financial management & lack of administrative oversight. * Henry VII was inexperienced in financial matters

Question 64

Question 64 What were feudal dues & why were they important?

Answer 64

Traditional rights of the Crown to demand money from tenants, based on land ownership.

Question 65

Question 65 What were the main types of feudal payments?

Answer 65

* Relief – Paid by an heir upon inheritance. * Marriage – Profit from arranging tenants’ daughters’ marriages. * Wardship – Control of underage heirs’ estates for royal profit. * Livery – Fee paid by a ward upon adulthood to reclaim land.

Question 66

Question 66 How did Henry VII exploit feudal dues?

Answer 66

* Used wardships to control powerful families - E.g. Earl of Northumberland’s son, 1489. * Appointed Sir John Hussey (1503) to improve management of wardships.

Question 67

Question 67 How much did Henry’s income from feudal dues increase?

Answer 67

- 1487: £350 per year. - 1507: £6,000 per year.

Question 68

Question 68 What were custom duties?

Answer 68

Taxes on goods imported or exported, traditionally granted to the monarch for life.

Question 69

Question 69 What were the main forms of custom duties?

Answer 69

* Tunnage – Taxes on exports. * Poundage – Taxes on imports. * Major taxed items: Wool, wine, leather.

Question 70

Question 70 How did Henry VII manage custom duties?

Answer 70

* Introduced certificates for coastal trade. * Updated the Book of Rates twice, revising import/export charges. * Encouraged trade to maximize revenue.

Question 71

Question 71 How much did custom duties increase under Henry VII?

Answer 71

- Early reign: £33,000 per year. - End of reign: £40,000 per year.

Question 72

Question 72 What were parliamentary taxes?

Answer 72

Special grants for financing royal policies, such as military campaigns.

Question 73

Question 73 How were these taxes structured?

Answer 73

* ‘Tenths’ or ‘Fifteenths’ – Taxes on moveable property value. * Henry attempted direct taxation but abandoned it due to resistance.

Question 74

Question 74 Why did Henry avoid parliamentary taxes?

Answer 74

* Unpopular with the public. * Triggered major rebellions.

Question 75

Question 75 What are some examples of Henry VII Parliamentary taxes causing rebellions?

Answer 75

- 1489 Yorkshire Rebellion – Over Brittany campaign taxation - Earl of Northumberland killed. - 1497 Cornish Rebellion – Resistance to funding defense against Scotland & Perkin Warbeck.

Question 76

Question 76 What were clerical taxes?

Answer 76

Special levies on the Church, since clergy were exempt from parliamentary taxation.

Question 77

Question 77 How did Henry collect revenue from the Church?

Answer 77

* Received voluntary ‘gifts’ from clergy. * Sold Church offices (simony) – Raised £300 for Archdeacon of Buckingham.

Question 78

Question 78 Why was simony controversial?

Answer 78

Forbidden by the Church but widely practiced.

Question 79

Question 79 What were the key strengths of Henry VII’s financial policies?

Answer 79

* Expanded feudal dues significantly. * Efficient taxation policies increased revenue. * Restricted parliamentary taxation to avoid unrest. * Optimized trade regulation to boost custom duties.

Question 80

Question 80 What were the weaknesses about Henry VII's financial policies?

Answer 80

* Heavy financial burdens risked noble dissatisfaction. * Parliamentary taxes provoked revolts. * Church taxation through simony risked moral backlash.

Question 81

Question 81 What were Henry VII’s three main priorities upon becoming King?

Answer 81

* Secure his right to the throne. * Srengthen royal government by controlling the nobility. * Ensure financial stability for the future.

Question 82

Question 82 What was the political structure of key European states?

Answer 82

- France – Smaller than today; regions like Brittany were semi-independent. - Spain – Recently united under Ferdinand & Isabella but still governed separately. - Holy Roman Empire – A conglomeration of states, including Germany & Burgundy (controlled Flanders & Antwerp, crucial for English trade). - Italy – Fragmented city-states competing for power, leading to Italian Wars from 1494.

Question 83

Question 83 What were Henry VII’s foreign policy priorities?

Answer 83

* Maintain good diplomatic relations & defense, avoiding conflict. * Ensure national security. * Gain recognition for the Tudor dynasty. * Protect England’s trade interests.

Question 84

Question 84 How did Henry VII resolve tensions with Scotland?

Answer 84

- 1501: Agreed Princess Margaret would marry King James IV. - 1502: Treaty of Perpetual Peace signed. - 1503: Marriage finalized, securing stability between England & Scotland

Question 85

Question 85 What was the significance of the Treaty of Medina del Campo 1489?

Answer 85

* Established mutual protection in case of attack. * Prevented both nations from harboring rebels or pretenders. * Arranged marriage between Arthur, Prince of Wales & Catherine of Aragon.

Question 86

Question 86 What challenges arose in implementing the treaty?

Answer 86

* Delays in royal marriage arrangements. * Ferdinand hesitant due to Perkin Warbeck’s threat to Tudor stability. * Disputes over Catherine’s dowry.

Question 87

Question 87 How was the conflict resolved?

Answer 87

Marriage terms finalized in 1499 & wedding took place in 1501

Question 88

Question 88 Why did Henry VII impose a trade embargo on the Holy Roman Empire?

Answer 88

They harbored Perkin Warbeck, threatening Tudor legitimacy.

Question 89

Question 89 What agreements restored trade relations?

Answer 89

- 1496: Intercursus Magnus ended the trade embargo. - 1506: Intercursus Malus - Treaty of Windsor - aimed to improve trade - but was never fully enacted. - Trade reverted to Intercursus Magnus terms.

Question 90

Question 90 What were some strengths of Henry VII Foreign Policy?

Answer 90

* Avoided major conflicts & maintained diplomatic stability. * Secured dynastic recognition through strategic marriages. * Protected trade interests, balancing diplomacy & economic security.

Question 91

Question 91 What were some weaknesses of Henry VII Foreign Policy?

Answer 91

Had limited power compared to European giants like France & Spain.

Question 92

Question 92 How did the Tudor monarchy operate?

Answer 92

Power depended on personal relationships with the King.

Question 93

Question 93 What was the role of the Royal Court?

Answer 93

* Centre of government, demonstrating the King’s power. * Provided wealth & rewards to courtiers. * Place where political influence could be gained

Question 94

Question 94 What were the different levels of the Court?

Answer 94

- Royal Household – Managed personal & catering needs, supervised by the Lord Steward. - The Chamber – Headed by Lord Chamberlain, organized ceremonies, spoke on behalf of the King. - Privy Chamber (introduced in 1495) – Henry’s private retreat after betrayal by Sir William Stanley.

Question 95

Question 95 What were the successes of Henry VII Court & Royal Household?

Answer 95

Promoted loyalty by rewarding service.

Question 96

Question 96 What were the failures of Henry VII Court & Royal Household?

Answer 96

* Disillusionment among nobles who expected rewards could lead to rebellion. * Risk of betrayal - E.g. Sir William Stanley.

Question 97

Question 97 How effective was Henry VII Court & Royal Household?

Answer 97

Mostly effective, but occasional disloyalty remained

Question 98

Question 98 What were the functions of the Privy Council?

Answer 98

* Advise the King. * Manage the country on his behalf. * Make legal judgments.

Question 99

Question 99 Who were the key types of councillors?

Answer 99

- Nobility – Lords Daubeney & Dynham (rarely high-ranking magnates). - Churchmen – John Morton & Richard Fox (legal training, skilled administrators). - Laymen (Gentry & Lawyers) – Sir Reginald Bray, Edmund Dudley (efficient administrators).

Question 100

Question 100 What was the function of the Council Learned?

Answer 100

* Defended King’s feudal rights over Crown lands. * Collected revenue via bonds & recognizances. * Bypassed usual courts—decisions made directly by the King (no jury).

Question 101

Question 101 Why was the Council Learned unpopular?

Answer 101

* Richard Empson & Edmund Dudley imposed harsh financial penalties on nobles. * Often exaggerated cases to extract money. * Removed after Henry VII’s death due to widespread resentment.

Question 102

Question 102 What were the Successes of Henry VII's Central Government?

Answer 102

* Competent administrators increased efficiency. * Large number of councillors (227 across Henry’s reign) prevented excessive influence by any one person.

Question 103

Question 103 What were the Failures of Henry VII's Central Government?

Answer 103

Nobles hated the Council of the Learned, creating discontent.

Question 104

Question 104 How effective was Henry VII Central Government?

Answer 104

Mostly effective, though the Council Learned was widely unpopular

Question 105

Question 105 How did Henry VII use Parliament?

Answer 105

Primarily to serve his interests - passed laws & granted taxation.

Question 106

Question 106 How frequently did Parliament meet?

Answer 106

- 7 times in Henry’s reign. - 5 sessions in his first 10 years, 2 in the remaining 14 years.

Question 107

Question 107 What were some of the Key Parliamentary actions during Henry VII reign?

Answer 107

* Recognized Henry’s title to the throne. * Passed attainders—confiscated property from traitors without trial. * Granted customs revenue for life (first Parliament). * Provided extraordinary revenue for wars. * Passed 1504 Act—corporations could not set rules without King’s approval.

Question 108

Question 108 What were some of the Successes of Henry VII use of Parliament?

Answer 108

* Provided a formal mechanism for consultation & governance. * Allowed Henry to pass key laws & control taxation.

Question 109

Question 109 What were some of the Failures of Henry VII use of Parliament?

Answer 109

Attainders risked resentment & rebellion.

Question 110

Question 110 How effective was Henry VII use of Parliament?

Answer 110

Mostly effective, but some noble opposition persisted.

Question 111

Question 111 What were the two main responsibilities of JPs?

Answer 111

* Maintained law & order in local areas. * Executed laws passed in London.

Question 112

Question 112 How were JPs appointed & compensated?

Answer 112

* Appointed by the King, serving for one year. * Unpaid, but position enhanced social status & career prospects.

Question 113

Question 113 How did Henry VII increase JPs’ responsibilities?

Answer 113

- 1485: Could arrest & question disguised poachers, preventing rebellions. - 1487: Granted power to issue bail. - 1495: Allowed to replace jurors suspected of bribery.

Question 114

Question 114 What were some of the Successes of Henry VII use of Local Government?

Answer 114

* Delegated local governance, improving administration. * Yearly reviews ensured accountability & competence.

Question 115

Question 115 What were some of the Failures of Henry VII use of Local Government?

Answer 115

High-ranking nobles may have resented lower gentry appointments.

Question 116

Question 116 How effective was Henry VII use of Local Government?

Answer 116

Mostly effective, strengthening royal authority through trusted local figures.

Question 117

Question 117 Why did Henry VII need stronger regional governance?

Answer 117

- Areas far from London (North, Wales, Ireland) were difficult to control. - Potential threats to royal power & stability. - Yorkist strongholds needed close monitoring.

Question 118

Question 118 How did Henry VII restore order in Wales?

Answer 118

* Revived the Council of Wales (1493). * Placed Uncle Jasper Tudor in charge—a trusted ally. * Nominal leadership given to Prince Arthur, securing Tudor presence. * Yorkist Marcher Lords weakened after Bosworth, aiding control.

Question 119

Question 119 Who controlled the Council of the North, and what was its role?

Answer 119

* Led by the Earl of Surrey. * Defended borders & enforced laws swiftly. * Direct oversight from London, limiting independent authority.

Question 120

Question 120 Why was Ireland a challenge for Henry VII?

Answer 120

- Strong Yorkist support. - Limited English control beyond Dublin. - Power centered in wealthy Irish families E.g. Kildares.

Question 121

Question 121 What was Poyning’s Law (1494)?

Answer 121

Irish Parliament could only convene & pass laws with English royal approval.

Question 122

Question 122 How did Henry VII manage Ireland?

Answer 122

* Relied on influencing powerful Irish families instead of costly direct control. * Appointed Earl of Kildare as Lord Deputy, despite his questionable loyalty.

Question 123

Question 123 What were some of Successes of Henry VII Regional Government?

Answer 123

* Deputies handled regional administration, freeing Henry VII for national governance. * Natives appointed to key positions, improving local acceptance.

Question 124

Question 124 What were some of Failures of Henry VII Regional Government?

Answer 124

Risked empowering figures like Kildare, whose loyalty was uncertain.

Question 125

Question 125 How effective was Henry VII use of Regional Government?

Answer 125

Generally effective, but reliance on powerful regional figures posed risks