The Significance of Developments in Religion during the Marian Counter-Reformation

Question 1

Question 1
What were the three possible religious policies Mary I could pursue in 1553?

Answer 1

• No Change – Full Protestantism.
• Return to 1529 – Full Catholicism.
• Return to 1547 – Moderate Henrician Catholicism.

Question 2

Question 2
What would the consequences of Mary maintaining Protestantism be?

Answer 2

• Angered foreign European powers - Charles V, Philip II of Spain, Pope.
• Ex-monastic landowners would support as they opposed reverting to papal authority, fearing land seizures.

Question 3

Question 3
What challenges would Mary face in fully restoring Catholicism?

Answer 3

• Returning ex-monastic lands to Church would anger new landowners.
• Papal forgiveness required for England’s break with Rome.
• Elizabeth could become a Protestant figurehead, stirring discontent.
• Restoring Catholicism may not enhance Mary’s credibility.

Question 4

Question 4
Why was a moderate Catholic approach problematic?

Answer 4

• Protestant reformers opposed rollback, possibly leading to rebellion.
• Catholics expected a full return to Catholicism, making partial measures unpopular.

Question 5

Question 5
Why did Mary I want to revert England back to Catholicism?

Answer 5

She believed that she had to save the souls of the English people because they sinned by becoming Protestant.

Question 6

Question 6
How did Mary I target/ remove Protestant clergy in 1553?

Answer 6

• Deprived clergymen of their positions.
• Archbishop Cranmer was arrested, removing a key reformer.

Question 7

Question 7
Did Parliament repeal the 1534 Act of Supremacy?

Answer 7

No, Parliament refused to repeal the Act, maintaining Henry VIII’s legislative legacy.

Question 8

Question 8
What did the Act of Repeal (1553) accomplish?

Answer 8

Undid much of the Edwardian Reformation, restoring Church to its 1547 state.

Question 9

Question 9
What religious changes were reinstated under the Act the Act of Repeal?

Answer 9

• Revived Mass.
• Brought back Ritual worship.
• Reestablished Clerical celibacy.
• Implicitly reaffirmed traditional ‘Lord’s Supper’ doctrine.

Question 10

Question 10
What significant religious title did Mary I relinquish?

Answer 10

Surrendered the ‘Supreme Head of the Church’ title, reaffirming Papal authority over England.

Question 11

Question 11
Where & how many Protestants fled in 1554?

Answer 11

Around 800 Protestants left for Germany & Switzerland, escaping Catholic persecution.

Question 12

Question 12
What did Mary I’s royal injunctions order Bishops to do?

Answer 12

• Suppress heresy.
• Remove married clergy from their positions.
• Re-ordain clergy who had been ordained under the English Ordinal.
• Restore Holy Days, Processions, & Ceremonies.

Question 13

Question 13
How did Bishop Gardiner enforce Catholicism?

Answer 13

• Deprived married priests of their livings
• Removed Protestant bishops & replaced them with committed Roman Catholics.

Question 14

Question 14
What is an example of Married Priests being deprived of their livings?

Answer 14

243 Priests lost posts in Norwich Diocese.

Question 15

Question 15
How did Parliament react to the reintroduction of heresy laws?

Answer 15

• Initially rejected them, fearing unrest.
• Accepted them later, after being promised former monastic lands wouldn’t be restored to Church.

Question 16

Question 16
What was Cardinal Pole’s significance in 1554?

Answer 16

• Returned to England, reinforced Catholic leadership.
• Sentence of excommunication against England was lifted by Pope.

Question 17

Question 17
What did the Second Act of Repeal accomplish?

Answer 17

Undid all anti-papal legislation passed since 1529 & the Henrician Reformation.

Question 18

Question 18
What was Bonner’s Book of Homilies?

Answer 18

A publication reinforcing Catholic doctrine, used to guide sermons.

Question 19

Question 19
What action did Mary I take regarding monasteries in 1555?

Answer 19

Appointed a commission to explore re-founding religious houses.

Question 20

Question 20
Who was John Rogers, & why was he significant in 1555?

Answer 20

• Biblical translator.
• Became first Protestant martyr of Mary’s reign, burned under restored heresy laws.

Question 21

Question 21
What happened to Thomas Cranmer in 1555?

Answer 21

Stripped of the Diocese of Canterbury, removing his influence.

Question 22

Question 22
What was the London Synod & what did it accomplish?

Answer 22

• A meeting of local bishops.
• Issued 12 decrees on clerical discipline

Question 23

Question 23
What did the 12 decrees on Clericla discipline target?

Answer 23

• Absenteeism.
• Pluralism - holding multiple offices/ parishes.
• Simony - selling church positions.
• Heresy.

Question 24

Question 24
What monastic order was re-founded in Westminster in 1556?

Answer 24

Benedictine monastery was restored.

Question 25

Question 25 Why was Cardinal Pole deprived of his Papal Legate position?

Answer 25

* Argued with Pope, losing Rome's favour. * His authority was revoked despite his role in restoring Catholicism. ## Footnote Note - This was in 1556.

Question 26

Question 26 How did Mary I reinforce Catholic leadership in England in 1556?

Answer 26

Appointed Cardinal Pole, who was consecrated as Archbishop of Canterbury.

Question 27

Question 27 What religious revival took place in 1557?

Answer 27

Small religious houses were re-founded, continuing Mary’s restoration of Catholicism.

Question 28

Question 28 Why was Cardinal Pole recalled to Rome in 1557?

Answer 28

Summoned on heresy charges, despite his role in England’s Catholic revival.

Question 29

Question 29 How did Mary respond to Rome’s demand for Pole?

Answer 29

* Refused him permission to go, keeping him in England. * Rejected clergy replacements for his Papal Legate position, reinforcing her authority.

Question 30

Question 30 How many people were executed for religious reasons under Mary’s reign?

Answer 30

Approximately 300 people were executed.

Question 31

Question 31 When did Mary I & Cardinal Pole die?

Answer 31

In mid-November 1558, marking the end of Mary’s Catholic reign.

Question 32

Question 32 How did Cardinal Pole strengthen Church leadership?

Answer 32

* Encouraged Bishops to conduct regular Diocese visitations. * Monitored Church finances & clergy discipline. * Reduced corruption by enforcing stricter oversight.

Question 33

Question 33 What were the Twelve Decrees issued by the London Synod?

Answer 33

* Required Parish Priests to be resident in their communities. * Ended abuses like pluralism & nepotism. * Improved priest quality, but dissatisfied nepotists & Protestants

Question 34

Question 34 What Catholic materials did Pole commission?

Answer 34

* Newly edited Catholic New Testament. * New Book of Homilies. * New Catechism - summary of Church teachings.

Question 35

Question 35 Why did Pole's publications fail to take effect?

Answer 35

Wasn't enough time for them to be fully implemented before Mary’s death.

Question 36

Question 36 How did Pole seek to improve clerical education?

Answer 36

* Encouraged Bishops to assess schoolmaster & clergy learning. * Proposed seminaries in Cathedrals. * Established Cathedral Schools in Durham & York. * Became Chancellor of Cambridge & Oxford (1556), linking government & universities.

Question 37

Question 37 What are Seminaries?

Answer 37

Priest schools.

Question 38

Question 38 What was the major challenge in clerical education reforms?

Answer 38

Training clergy to the required standard took a considerable amount of time.

Question 39

Question 39 How did Mary I attempt to suppress opposition?

Answer 39

* Forbade printing of seditious rumors. * Created a list of people banned from publishing. * Made slander against Mary or Philip punishable by death. * Attempted to destroy Protestant books, though this effort failed.