The Malarias

Question 1

What phylum is malaria a part of?

Answer 1

Apicomplexa

Question 2

What are the commonalities between the malarias?

Answer 2

All are apicomplexans, parasitic, heteroxenous (require 2 hosts).

Question 3

How many hosts does malaria require?

Answer 3

Two- vertebrate for schizogony, invertebrate from sporogony and gametogony

Question 4

Where does sporogony take place for Plasmodium?

Answer 4

In the mosquito

Question 5

Where does schizogony take place for Plasmodium?

Answer 5

In the vertebrate

Question 6

Where does gametogony take place for Plasmodium?

Answer 6

Starts in vertebrate, but fertilization is in the mosquito

Question 7

What is the appearance of Plasmodium in the blood cell?

Answer 7

Signet ring

Question 8

What are ways of preventing/controlling Plasmodium?

Answer 8

Insecticides, nets, destruction of larval development sites, drug treatment of individuals, prophylactic treatment

Question 9

Where does the exoerythrocytic cycle occur in avian malaria?

Answer 9

Endothelial cells and hematopoietic cells

Question 10

What is Haemoproteus spp. and what species does it affect?

Answer 10

Malaria of birds and reptiles, worldwide

Question 11

Where does Haemoproteus form gamonts?

Answer 11

Red blood cells, only stage in circulation

Question 12

What is Leukococytozoon?

Answer 12

Type of avian malaria, transmitted by black flies

Question 13

What is the life cycle of Leukococytozoon spp?

Answer 13

Sporozoites go to the liver, in the tissue megaloschizonts, gamonts in RBCs and WBCs

Question 14

What is the effect of Leukococytozoon in turkeys?

Answer 14

80% losses, young birds most susceptible

Question 15

How can one diagnose Leucocytozoon?

Answer 15

History of blackflies, signs, symptoms and lesions, ID gamonts in blood film

Question 16

How can one prevent Leucocytozoon spp.?

Answer 16

Treat with Clopirdol and prevent by controlling blackfly population

Question 17

What are the characteristics of Piroplasms?

Answer 17

Apicomplexans, blood cell parasites, pigment not formed from host hemoglobin, ticks are usually definitive hosts

Question 18

What does Babesia cause?

Answer 18

Teas cattle fever

Question 19

What is the significance of Texas Cattle Fever?

Answer 19

No longer a problem in the US, problem in Latin American livestock, importation of the parasite is a major concern

Question 20

What are the hosts of Babesia?

Answer 20

Hosts are all domesticated animals, vector is ixodid or hard ticks

Question 21

What does Babesia look like?

Answer 21

Teardrop shaped, 2-5 microns, live in RBCs

Question 22

Where does the life cycle of Babesia occur?

Answer 22

Entirely in the RBC, no exoerythrocytic schizogony

Question 23

What is transovarial reproduction in Babesia?

Answer 23

Vertical transmission, one host ticks

Question 24

What is the life cycle of Babesia in a tick?

Answer 24

TYPE IT HERE

Question 25

What is stage to stage reproduction in Babesia?

Answer 25

Lateral transmission, 2 to 3 host ticks

Question 26

What is the pathogenesis of Babesia?

Answer 26

Highly pathogeneic, mortality higher in adults, massive destruction of RBCs so anemia, edema, icterus,hypotension

Question 27

What are the clinical signs of Babesia?

Answer 27

high fever, malaise, anorexia, anemia, edema, icterus, splenomegaly and hepatomegaly, diarrhea

Question 28

What is the treatment for Babesia?

Answer 28

Imidocarb

Question 29

What is Babesia microti?

Answer 29

Found in small rodents, transmitted by the deer tick, reported in humans but disease is self-limiting

Question 30

What is the parasite that causes Canine Hepatozoonosis?

Answer 30

Hepatozoon americanum

Question 31

What are the characteristics of Canine Hepatozoonosis?

Answer 31

New disease, dog ingests the tick host and the sporozoites are released, signs of chronic wasting

Question 32

What is the host of Theileria spp?

Answer 32

Hosts are cattle, zebu, water buffalo. DH is the ixodid or hard tick.

Question 33

Where do Theileria reside?

Answer 33

Occur in RBCs or lymphocytes

Question 34

What is the life cycle of Theileria spp?

Answer 34

TYPE HERE

Question 35

What disease does Theileria parva cause?

Answer 35

East Coast Fever, causes dyspnea, emaciation, weakness, tarry diarrhea and high mortality

Question 36

Describe Cytauxzoon felis.

Answer 36

Relatively new disease of domestic cats, natural host is the bobcat, found in south central and southeastern US, rapid onset and often fatal.

Question 37

How do you diagnose Cytauzoon felis?

Answer 37

Stained blood smear, usually postmortem finding

Question 38

Smith and Kilborne, along with Curtis discovered the life of what in 1893?

Answer 38

Babesia bigmina