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Year 2 Reproduction > The male reproductive system > Flashcards

The male reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

What canal is formed when the Vas Deferens pierces the peritoneum?

A

The inguanal canal

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2
Q

Outline the course of sperm.

A 
Testes
Vas deferens
Seminal vesicles 
Prostate (via urethra)
Urethra
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3
Q

How are sperm made in the testes and in which areas?

A

Spermatogenesis occurs in the seminiferous tubules.
This immature sperm passed through the rate testes in the mediatinum testis to the efferent ductules where they are concentrated.
Before leaving the testes the sperm must mature and develop the ability to swim and this happens in the head of the epididymis.
The sperm exits in the ductus deferens (the vas)

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4
Q

What is the tunica albuginea?

A

The fibrous capsule in the testes

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5
Q

What is the tunica vaginalis?

A

Outpost of the peritoneum that envelopes the testes in the scrotum.

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6
Q

What is it called when fluid collects in the tunica vaginalis and how would you confirm it was just watery fluid?

A

hydrocele if its water fluid and this will retro-illuminate with a touch

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7
Q

What cells are seen in the seminiferous tubules?

A

Sertoli cells and Leydig cells

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8
Q

What is the function of a Leydig cells?

A

Lipid metabolism and androgen synthesis

histology shows multiple lipid droplets and multiple SER

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9
Q

Which cells produce the sperm by removing the cytoplasm and caring for them before release?

A

Sertoli

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10
Q

Why does the left testical often hang lower?

A

The left testical tends to have more venous congestion because of how it drains (into the left renal vein, the right testes drains straight into the IVC). This venous congestion causes it to hang slightly lower

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11
Q

Where does the lymph of the testes drain?

A

Abdominal aortic area (para-aortic nodes)

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12
Q

What does the lymphatic drainage of the testes mean interns of assessing lymphadenopathy and metastases of testicular cancer patients?

A

MRI is necessary

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13
Q

If someone presents with adenopathy in the groin are you worried about the testicles?

A

No, the testes drain to para aortic nodes.

The scrotum drains to the groin

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14
Q

What is testicular torsion?

A

One testicle twists on its blood supply. This twisting occludes the veins first so the testes gets congested. Pressure in the testicle rises until the arteries are occluded. This is painful because the testes are getting ischaemic. Must treat ASAP or risk infertility and loss of testicle

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15
Q

Can the testes swap which one is right and which one is left?

A

No because there is a septum of scrotum

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16
Q

Which deformity predisposes someone to testicular torsion?

A

Bell-clapper deformity in which the testes sits more horizontally causing the tunica vaginalis to be narrower at the top of the scrotum

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17
Q

How do you treat testicular torsion?

A

Untwist testicle and suture the testes to the scrotal wall to avoid recurrence

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18
Q

What is the spermatic fascia a derivative of?

A

the abdominal wall

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19
Q

What is the role of the Gubernaculum in males?

A

Guides testes in decent to scrotum

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20
Q

Which three abdominal wall muscles correlate to which layers of spermatic fascia? (outermost to innermost please)

A

External oblique- external spermatic fascia
Internal oblique- cremasteric fascia
Transverse abdominus- internal spermatic fascia

21
Q

Which part of the autonomic nervous system stimulates the Vas?

A

Sympathtic nerve (Point and shoot)

22
Q

Which nerve is found external to the spermatic fascia?

A

The ilioinguanal nerve

23
Q

What structures are found with in the internal spermatic fascia?

A

Testicular artery and the testicular veins (paniform plexus)

The Vas and its associated arteries, veins and sympathetic nerve

24
Q

What is found in the cremasteric fascia of the spermatic cord?

A

Cremasteric vein and aretery

Nerve to cremaster muscle

25
Q

How do you test the ilio-inganal nerve in a male

A

Cremasteric refles- stroke the inner thigh which stimulates the sensory part of the ilioinguanal nerve. The reflex should result in the testes being elevated by the cremaster muscle

26
Q

What is the testicular rule of three?

A

3 arteries: Testicular Artery, Cremasteric Artery, Artery to Vas
3 veins: Pampiniform plexus, Cremasteric Vein, Vein of Vas
3 nerves: genital branch of genitofemoral nerve, sympathetics, ilioinguinal nerve (technically runs outside the spermatic cord.
3 fascias: External Spermatic Fascia, Cremasteric fascia, Internal Spermatic fascia
3 others: Vas Deferens, Lymphatics, Tunica Vaginalis

27
Q

Where is the Vas in relation to the bladder?

A

Superior (water is under the bridge)

28
Q

Describe vasectomies through the scrotum.

A 
Feel for Vas
Incision in the scrotum.
Pull the spermatic cord through the incision.
Find the Vas
Snip the Vas.
29
Q

How long after a scrotal vasectomy must a man use other forms of contraception to avoid a pregnancy?

A

Months- must clear all the sperm in the tract.

30
Q

How much of the ejaculate as a percentage is generated by the seminal vesicles?

A

65%

31
Q

What does the seminal vesicle add to the ejaculate?

A

Fructose rich secretion

32
Q

Which gland is next to add to the sperm after the seminal vesicles?

A

The prostate gland adds 25% of the final ejaculate volume. The prostate secretes an alkali solution to help neutralise vaginal acid.

33
Q

How much of ejaculate is actually sperm?

A

10%

34
Q

After the prostate there are numerous accessory gland s, list two.

A

Cowpers glands

Periurethral glands

35
Q

What is the urological function of the prostate?

A

maintains urinary continence by surrounding the urethra.

36
Q

What is the mechanism of BPH?

A

Androgenic stimulation over time causes hypertrophy of the prostate and this may compress the urethra as the hypertrophy is normally in the transitional zone.

37
Q

Why does prostate cancer often not give urinary symptoms?

A

The peripheral zone tends to be affected by cancer and this is further from the urethra

38
Q

Male catheterisation involves moving through two flexions, what are they?

A

Penis flexion

The urethra must turn to enter the abdominal cavity

39
Q

Which muscles are at the level of the narrowest part of the urethra?

A

The pelvic floor muscles

40
Q

List 4 functions of the penis?

A

Expulsion of urine
Deposition fo sperm
Removal of competitors sperm form the vagina
Attract mates (Erections indicate good CVS health)

41
Q

How do penises become erect?

A

Vasodilation of arterioles and venous compression. The vasodilation is a result of parasympathetic stimulation (point and shoot)

42
Q

Which part of the penis sensate undergo vasodilation in erections?

A

Corpus spongiosum (most inferior canal) this contains the urethra which cannot be compressed or ejaculation wouldn’t be possible

43
Q

Which area of the penis undergoes vasodilation in erection?

A

Corpus cavernosum in the tunica abuginea

44
Q

Sympathetic stimulation causes what in the penis?

A

Vasoconstriction and erections termination

45
Q

Is the penis all external?

A

No half is internal and anchored to bone.

46
Q

What is the homologous organ to the penis in a female?

A

Clitoris

47
Q

How are the collagen fibres arranged around the penis in the tunica albuginea to help with erections?

A

Longitudinally and circumfrencially

48
Q

From the internal iliac artery to the circumflex arteries outline the blood supply to the penis.

A 
IIA
Internal pudenal artery 
perineal artery 
cavernous artery 
bulbourethral artery
CA
49
Q

What breaks in a fractured penis and if left untreated what deformity would occur in the penis?

A

the tunica albuginea

The penis would bend

Year 2 Reproduction (8 decks)

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