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English IV > The Middle Ages > Flashcards

The Middle Ages Flashcards

1
Q

When was the middle ages?

A

1066-1500

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2
Q

What was the Myth?

A

In film and literature medieval life seems heroic, entertaining, and romantic.

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3
Q

What was the Reality?

A

5th-15th century, life was harsh, uncertain, and dangerous.
- AKA the Dark Ages
- Historian know little from this time period

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4
Q

What is Manorialism?

A

An economic system (production & trade)

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5
Q

What is the Lord of the Manner?

A

For safety and defense, people in the middle ages formed small communities around a central lord or master.

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6
Q

What is a Manor?

A

A Manor consisted of the Caste, the Church, the village, and the surrounding farmland.

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7
Q

Why were Manors isolated?

A

Manors were isolated due to their lack of visitors

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8
Q

Why were Manors Self-Sufficant?

A

Each manor was largely self-sufficient, growing or producing all of the basic items needed for food, clothing, and shelter. This was due to their isolation.

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9
Q

What buildings did the Manors create to be self-sufficant?

A

The mill for grinding grain
The bake house for making bread
The blacksmith shop for creating metal goods.

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10
Q

What is Feudalism?

A

A political system

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11
Q

What is the Feudal system?

A

The King awarded land grants or fiefs to his most important nobles, barons, and bishops, in return for their contribution of soldiers for the king’s armies.

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12
Q

the Feudal triangle

A
  1. king = gives fiefs and peasants; receives military aid and loyalty
  2. lords( vassels to king) = gives food, protection and shelter; receives homage and military service
  3. knights (vassels to lords) = gives food, protection and shelter; receives farming of land and rent
  4. Peasants (serfs) = farms land and pays rent
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13
Q

What is a Lord?

A

broad term for who owns the land

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14
Q

What is a Vassal?

A

granted possession of the land by the lord

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15
Q

What is a Fief?

A

land itself

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16
Q

In exchange for the use of the ___ and protection, vassals would provide ___ to the lord.

A

land (fief)
services (income, military, etc.)

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17
Q

Nobels and Vassals

A

Nobles divided their land among the lesser nobility, who became their vassals. Many of these vassals became so powerful that the kings had difficulty controlling them.

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18
Q

Peasants

A

At the lowest level of society were the peasants.

The lord offered his peasants protection in exchange for living and working on his land.

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19
Q

Serfs vs. Peasants

A

Peasants: everyone in the lowest social class
-Could marry and be educated if they could afford it.
-Essentially free

Serfs: contracted labor
-Usually happened when a peasant owed a large debt
-Unlike peasants, could not marry or be educated unless released by their lord (bound laborers tied to the land)
-Couldn’t leave without their lord’s approval
-Lords owned the land the serfs worked on
-For a place to live, serfs worked the land growing crops for themselves and their lord
-Were also required to pay rent

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20
Q

Peasants worked ___ to cultivate the land and were heavily ____.

A

hard, taxed

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21
Q

what is the Magna Carta?

A

In 1215
- The English barons formed an alliance that forced King John to sign the Magna Carta.
- It limited the king’s powers of taxation and required trials by jury. It was the first time that an English monarch was subject to the law.

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22
Q

who is king john?

A

Bad English King who was forced to sign the manga Carta.

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23
Q

Peasants’ homes

A

Many peasant families ate, slept, and spent time together in very small quarters, rarely more than one or two rooms.
- a great place for disease to spread.

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24
Q

Women: household chores

A

They were largely confined to household tasks such as cooking, baking bread, sewing, weaving, and spinning.

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25
Q

Homes

A

Most medieval homes were cold, damp, and dark.

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26
Q

Homes of the wealthy

A

The homes of the rich were more elaborate than the peasants’ homes. Their floors were paved, as opposed to being strewn with rushes and herbs, and sometimes decorated with tiles. Tapestries were hung on the walls, providing not only decoration but also an extra layer of warmth.

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27
Q

Clothing of the wealthy

A

a. color/ elaborate
b. peasants = earth colors

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28
Q

Fur and Jewelry

A

Fur was often used to line the garments of the wealthy. Jewelry was lavish= colorful rocks.

Laws of jewelry- knights cannot wear rings, purple = royalty,

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29
Q

Health & Hygiene

A
  • as the population increased, hygiene conditions worsened
    -leading to a vast array of health problems
30
Q

Medicine

A
  • medical knowledge was limited
  • medieval Europe did not have an adequate health care system
  • antibiotics did not exist until the 1800s
31
Q

Myths and Superstitions

A
  • people believed that disease was spread by “bad odor”
  • disease of the body = sins of the soul
  • many sought relief from illness through mediation, prayer, pilgrimages, and other non-medical methods.
32
Q

What are the Four Humors from

A

Concept from the greeks ( Hippocrates) and Romans
- body was part of the universe

33
Q

Names all the Four Humors

A
  • Fire: yellow bile or choler
  • Water: phlegm
  • Earth: black bile
  • Air: blood
34
Q

what is Bloodletting

A

popular method of restoring a patience health and “humors”

35
Q

medical treatments

A

Available mainly to the wealthy
Doctors rarely visited/practiced in villages.
Remedies were often herbal but could include ground earthworms, urine, and animal excrement.

36
Q

The Plague

A

The Black Death/ Bubonic plague
Arrived 1348
Symptoms- Fever, Ache, Vomiting blood, Swollen lymph nodes, Blackish color
Rodents, fleas, and ships. . .Oh my!
Dead= 3 days
30-40% of the total population.
In only 2 years (1348-1350)
Stopped end of the 17th century (1699)
- Returned multiple times
- Lead to turmoil and upheaval
Clergy, doctors, and positions with
Plenty of public interactions

37
Q

The Catholic church

A

Only church in England during the middle ages.
had it own laws and large income

38
Q

Structure of the Catholic Church

A

Pope- the head of the Church
Cardinals- advisors to the Pope; administrators of the church
Bishop/Archbishop- ecclesiastical superiors over cathedral or region
Priest- ecclesiastical authorities or a parish, village, or town church
Monks (Monastic Orders) - religious adherents in monasteries supervised by an abbot/abbess.

39
Q

Bishops

A

From wealthy/noble families, ruled over groups of parishes called dioceses

40
Q

Parish Priests

A

came from humble backgrounds and had little education.
- tended to the village sick and indigent

41
Q

Monasteries

A

Monasteries in the Middle Ages were based on the rules set down by St. Benedict in the sixth century. The monks became known as Benedictines and took vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience to their leaders.

42
Q

Monks

A
  • Monks were required to perform manual labor and were forbidden to own property, leave the monastery, or become entangled in the concerns of society.
  • Daily tasks were often carried out in silence.
43
Q

Nuns

A

Female counterpart to Monks
- lived in convents, provided for the less-fortunate members of the community. Monasteries and nunneries were safe havens for pilgrims and other travelers.

44
Q

Monks Clothing

A

Most of the holy orders wore long woolen habits in emulation of Roman clothing. One could tell the order by the color of the habit:
- the Benedictines wore black;
- the Cistercians and Dominicans, undyed wool or white,
- the Franciscans, brown.

45
Q

Monks Education

A

Between prayers, the monks read or copied religious texts and music. Monks were often well educated and devoted their lives to writing and learning.

46
Q

Pilgrameges

A

Pilgrimages were an important part of religious life in the Middle Ages. Many people took journeys to visit holy shrines, such the Canterbury Cathedral in England, and sites in Jerusalem and Rome.

47
Q

St. Thomas Becket

A
  • Archbishop of Canterbury
  • Stood up to the King Henry II
  • Murdered by King’s knights in 1170 in Canterbury Cathedral
    “Will no one rid me of this turbulent priest?”
  • Canonized in 1773
48
Q

shrine =

A

pilgramage

49
Q

Canterbury tales

A

Writen by Geoffery Chaucer
- Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales is a series of stories told by 30 pilgrims as they traveled to Canterbury.

50
Q

What are the three estates

A

First estate, second estate, third estate..
- **They are gender specific in that they are defined by what a man does for a living, as much as to what social class he was born.

51
Q

First estate

A

Church/Clergy

52
Q

Second Estate

A

Nobility, knights

53
Q

Third Estate

A

Peasantry

54
Q

Women were defined in different classes and estates altogether and they were?

A

chaste, wife, or widow

55
Q

Town life

A

As peace and order grew, peasants began to expand their farms and villages further into the countryside. The earliest merchants were peddlers who went from village to village selling their goods.

56
Q

Tradesmen

A

With the advent of trade and commerce, feudal life declined. As the tradesmen became wealthier, they resented having to give their profits to their lords.

57
Q

Buisnessmen

A

They became savvy businessmen and learned to deal with Italian moneylenders and bankers.

The English, Belgians, Germans, and Dutch took their coal, timber, wood, iron, copper, and lead to the south and came back with luxury items, such as wine and olive oil.

58
Q

Peddlers

A

As the demand for goods increased–particularly for the gems, silks, and other luxuries from Genoa and Venice, the ports of Italy that traded with the East–the peddlers became more familiar with complex issues of trade, commerce, accounting, and contracts.

59
Q

Boroughs

A

Arrangements were made for the townspeople to pay a fixed annual sum to the lord or king and gain independence for their town as a “borough” with the power to govern itself. The marketplace became the focus of many towns.

60
Q

Town Governments

A

As the townspeople became “free” citizens, powerful families, particularly in Italy, struggled to gain control of the communes or boroughs. Town councils were formed.

61
Q

Guilds

A

Guilds were established to gain higher wages for their members and protect them from competitors.
As the guilds grew rich and powerful, they built guild halls and began taking an active role in civic affairs, setting up courts to settle disputes and punish wrongdoers.

62
Q

The Merchant Class

A

The new merchant class included artisans, masons, armorers, bakers, shoemakers, ropemakers, dyers, and other skilled workers.

63
Q

Masons

A

Of all the craftsmen, the masons were the highest paid and most respected. They were, after all, responsible for building the cathedrals, hospitals, universities, castles, and guild halls.

  • Masons learned their craft as apprentices to master mason, living at lodges for up to seven years. The master mason was essentially an architect, a general contractor, and a teacher.
64
Q

the First Companies

A

The population of cities swelled for the first time since before the Dark Ages. With the new merchant activity, companies were formed. Merchants hired bookkeepers, scribes, and clerks, creating new jobs.

65
Q

Urban Life

A

Few serfs were left in Europe by the end of the Middle Ages, and the growing burgher class became very powerful. Hard work and enterprise led to economic prosperity and a new social order. Urban life brought with it new freedom for individuals.

66
Q

The Printing Press

A

Printing began in 1450 with the publication of the Bible by Johannes Gutenberg. This revolutionized the spread of learning. Other inventions of the time included mechanical clocks, tower mills, and guns.

67
Q

the Crusades

A

Religious wars (Holy Wars ) sanctioned by the Catholic Church
Lasted from 1095-1291
Primary Objectives
War between Christians and Saracens regarding Jerusalem (the Holy Land for Christians)
Recognized by Christians as the place of the crucifixion and burial
Often visited by pilgrims

68
Q

Crusades continue

A

To rescue Jerusalem and Palestine from the Saracens (name for the followers of Islam at the time)
First four: Principal Crusades
Last four: Minor Crusades
Addt.: Children’s Crusade
Gave rise to the Knights Templar
Religious knights who protected pilgrims on their way to Jerusalem and defended the holy land

69
Q

End of the Middle Ages

A
  • Decline of Catholic Church
  • Great Schism
  • 3 popes were fighting to be head of the Church
  • Started in 1409 and ended in 1417
    -Protestant Reformation
  • Inspired Martin Luther
  • Fall of the feudal system
  • Black Death
  • Social mobility
  • Trade increased after the Crusades
  • Increase in money=increase in the middle class
  • Went directly against the feudal system (i.e. there was no place for them)
70
Q

Birth of the Renaissance

A

The inventions of Leonardo da Vinci and the voyages of discovery in the fifteenth century contributed to the birth of the Renaissance.

English IV (4 decks)

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