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Anatomy > The Muscular System > Flashcards

The Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

basic functions of the muscular system

A
  1. moving and stabilising our body
  2. moving and storing substances within the body
  3. maintenance of normal body temperature
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2
Q

skeletal muscle

A

long thin contractile fibres, striated
multi-nucleated
parallel fibers
under voluntary control
attached to bones of the skeleton by tendons

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3
Q

function of skeletal muscle

A

allow movement breathing facial expressions singing talking writing posture heat production and joint stability

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4
Q

muscle fiber

A

a single muscle cell
made up of myofibrils

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5
Q

myofibril

A

made up of thick and thin filaments
striated due to the arrangement of thick and thin filaments (seen as alternating light and dark bands)

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6
Q

sarcolemma

A

muscle cell membrane

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7
Q

sarcoplasm

A

muscle cell cytoplasm

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8
Q

sarcomeres

A

length of each myofibril is divided into repeating units called sarcomeres
functional unit of the muscle

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9
Q

connective tissues of muscles

A

epimysium
perimysium
endomysium
fascia

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10
Q

endomysium

A

thin sleeve of loose connective tissue surrounding each muscle fibre
allows room for capillaries and nerve fibres to reach each muscle fibre
provide extracellular environment for the muscle fibres and its associated nerve endings

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11
Q

perimysium

A

thicker layer of connective tissue
contains fascicles that are bundles of muscle fibres
carries large nerves and blood vessels

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12
Q

epimysium

A

fibrous sheath surrounding the entire muscle
outer surface grades into fascia
inner surface send projections between fascicles to form perimysium

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13
Q

fascia

A

sheet of connective tissue that separates neighbouring muscles or muscle groups from each other and the subcutaneous tissue

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14
Q

sites of muscle attachment

A

bones
cartilage
connective tissue coverings

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15
Q

tendon vs aponeuroses

A

both connect muscle to bone
tendon- cord like structure allows movement and flexibility
aponeuroses- sheet like structure gives strength and stability

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16
Q

types of muscle attachments

A

indirect
direct

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17
Q

indirect attachment

A

tendons- close the gap between muscle ends and bony attachment
strong structural continuity from muscle to bone

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18
Q

direct attachment

A

little separation between muscle and bone
muscle emerges directly from the bone

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19
Q

origin

A

where fixed ends of a skeletal muscle attached
(bones, connective tissue sheaths or bands)

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20
Q

insertion

A

where the movable ends of a skeletal muscle attaches

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21
Q

types of muscles according to their action

A

agonists
antagonists
synergist

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22
Q

agonists

A

prime mover
muscle whose contraction is mostly responsible for movement

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23
Q

synergist

A

muscle that helps agonists work efficiently
provide additional pull or stabilise the origin

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24
Q

fixators

A

type of synergist
assists by preventing movement at another joint

25
Q

antagonist

A

muscle whose action opposes a particular agonist

26
Q

types of muscles according to their action

A

intrinsic muscles- entirely contained within a region both its origin and insertion there
extrinsic muscles- act on a designated region but has its origin elsewhere

27
Q

axial muscles

A

position head and spinal column
move ribcage and assist in breathing

28
Q

appendicular muscle

A

stabilise or move appendicular skeleton

29
Q

what information does muscle terminology provide

A

location
position/ direction/ fascicle organisation
action
structural characteristics

30
Q

organisation of the fascicles

A

strength of a muscle and the direction of its pull are determined partly by the orientation of its fascicles

31
Q

types of organisation of fascicles

A

parallel muscles
convergent muscles
unipennate, bipennate, multipennate muscles
circular muscles

32
Q

parallel muscles

A

fascicles parallel to longitudinal axis

33
Q

convergent muscles

A

fascicles extending over broad area converge on common attachment site
versatile- different parts can pull different directions
does not pull as hard on attachment as parallel muscles

34
Q

pennate muscle

A

fascicles form angle with the tendon
fibers pull at angle
tendons move less than in parallel muscle
more myofibrils than same sized parallel muscle
produces more tension

35
Q

circular muscle/ sphincter

A

fascicles in concentric circles
contraction decreases diameter of opening

36
Q

skeletal muscle properties

A

excitability (electrical property)
conductivity (electrical property)
contractility (mechanical property)
extensibility (mechanical property)
elasticity

37
Q

excitability

A

ability to receive and respond to a stimulus
respond by producing electrical signals such as action potentials
action potential is a brief self propagating process

38
Q

conductivity

A

propagation of action potential
action potential spreads in both directions from the point of stimulus

39
Q

contractility

A

ability to shorten when stimulated
a single action potential leads to a brief contraction followed by relaxation -> muscle twitch
slow / fast twitch muscles

40
Q

types of muscle contraction

A

isotonic- muscle contraction in which the length of the muscle changes
isometric- length does not change

41
Q

types of isotonic contractions

A

concentric- muscle shortens
eccentric- muscle lengthens

42
Q

muscle tone

A

partial state of contraction of a skeletal muscle to maintain its optimal length during resting position

43
Q

muscle tone functions

A

assists in maintaining good posture
can store energy and release it at a later time
allows for more fluid like movement of most muscles

44
Q

extensibility

A

ability to stretch without being damaged

45
Q

elasticity

A

ability to return to its original shape after contraction

46
Q

cardiac muscle

A

found only in the heart
involuntary control

47
Q

cardiac muscle characteristics

A

striations
single nucleus
joined to another muscle cell at an intercalating disc

48
Q

intercalated discs

A

allow heart cells to beat in unison
desmoses/ gap junctions

49
Q

smooth muscle characteristics

A

no striations
spindle shaped cells
single nucleus
involuntary
found mainly in the wall of hollow organs
slows sustained and tireless

50
Q

types of smooth muscle

A

visceral
multi-unit

51
Q

vesicular smooth muscle

A

single unit smooth muscle
sheets of spindle shaped muscle fibres
conduct peristalsis
exhibit rhythmicity

52
Q

multi-unit smooth muscle

A

function as separate units
less organised cells
neuro-hormonic simulation

53
Q

similarities of smooth muscle with skeletal muscle

A

actin-myosin interaction
calcium and ATP use
triggered by membrane impulses

54
Q

differences of smooth muscle and skeletal muscle

A

hormones can stimulate or inhibit smooth muscle
stretching can trigger smooth muscle contraction
slower to contract and relax but more resistant to fatigue
can change length without changing tautness

55
Q

smallest muscle

A

stapedius
activates stirrup (bone that sends vibrations from eardrum to inner ear)

56
Q

largest muscle

A

lattisimus dorsi
large flat muscle pair that covers the middle and lower back

57
Q

longest muscle

A

sartorius
traplike muscle that runs diagonally from waist down across the front of the thigh to the knee

58
Q

strongest muscle

A

gluteus maximus
muscle pair of hip that forms most of the flesh of the gluteal

masseter
strongest muscle based on its weight

59
Q

fastest reacting muscle

A

orbicularis oculi
muscle that encircles the eye and closes the eyelid

Anatomy (6 decks)

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